北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書(5篇)

人的記憶力會隨著歲月的流逝而衰退，寫作可以彌補記憶的不足，將曾經(jīng)的人生經(jīng)歷和感悟記錄下來，也便于保存一份美好的回憶。范文書寫有哪些要求呢？我們怎樣才能寫好一篇范文呢？下面我給大家整理了一些優(yōu)秀范文，希望能夠幫助到大家，我們一起來看一看吧。

北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書篇一

王 瑛

英譯漢部分要求翻譯單句, 而不是段落或篇章?？忌紫纫x懂句子,了解句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、使用的固定詞組、習慣用法及詞與詞之間的語義關(guān)系, 然后, 再正確分析原文的語言現(xiàn)象和邏輯關(guān)系,進行透徹的理解, 最后, 力圖用簡潔明了的漢語表達出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻譯技巧。

一、翻譯技巧一

一般的英譯漢考題不會只是簡單句。我們在做題時, 首先要從語法入手, 找尋和確定句子大的框架結(jié)構(gòu), 通過分析把句中的從句和插入部分先排除掉, 明確句子結(jié)構(gòu)有助于我們正確理解整句話的意思。

(一)重點分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)

其實, 就英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言, 是有規(guī)律可循的。除去省略句、倒裝句、感嘆句和

一些特殊句子外, 英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為三類: be句型: 主語 + be + 表語

miss jones is a manager.瓊斯小姐是位經(jīng)理。

do句型: 主語 + do +(賓語)+(狀語)he teaches english in this school.他在這所學校教英語。

be句型: there be + 主語 + 狀語

there are beautiful wildflowers in the hills.山中有美麗的野花。

(二)確定語法現(xiàn)象和慣用結(jié)構(gòu)

英譯漢考題中常見的重點語法有: 時態(tài)、語態(tài)、主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞、虛擬語氣、倒裝句、強調(diào)句等。考生要非常熟悉這些語法現(xiàn)象, 才不至于對句子產(chǎn)生誤解。例如:

? anyone who is interested in it can go with us.對這事感興趣的人可以跟我們?nèi)ァ?who引導定語從句修飾主語anyone)? the problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important.昨天會上討論過的那個問題非常重要。(過去分詞短語作后置定語修飾主語the problem)? you could have done better if you had been more careful.要是細心一點的話，你就會做得更好。(if 引導虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句)? hardly had i said that when she entered the room.我剛說完，她就進來了。(倒裝句, 否定詞hardly位于句首, 助動詞had 放在主語i之前)? it was not until last night that i noticed this matter.直到昨晚我才注意到這件事。(強調(diào)句: it was not until+強調(diào)成分+that句子其余成分)? the books were either works on travel or detective novels.這些書要么是關(guān)于旅行的, 要么就是偵探小說。(連接詞either? or?連接兩個表語)(三)熟悉固定搭配詞組和習慣用法

英譯漢考題中還常常會設(shè)計一個關(guān)鍵的考點 – 固定搭配的詞組和習慣表達法, 旨在考查考生對詞匯的掌握和運用情況?？忌诶斫膺@些習慣用語時會感到很困難, 這是因為單從組成某個習慣用語的詞的字面意思上來理解其含義, 往往會出偏差, 必將影響到對整個句子的理解。例如:

? they came up with a cure for the disease at last.他們最終發(fā)現(xiàn)了治療這種疾病的方法(短語動詞,意為“提出;發(fā)現(xiàn)”)

? the news got around by word of mouth.這一消息通過人們的口傳播開來。(介詞短語,意為“口頭流傳”)

? it’ll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather.從長遠的觀點來看, 用真皮更便宜。(介詞短語,意為“從長遠的觀點來看”)

? i’ll tell them the truth, regardless of what they want to hear.不管他們愿不愿意聽, 我要告訴他們真相。(形容詞短語,意為 “不管...”)

? punishment had very little effect on him.懲罰對他沒有什么效果。(名詞短語,意為“對?起作用”)

(四)熟練掌握過渡連接詞

過渡連接詞是使上下文的連接自然、緊湊的有效方法，使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性。因此,熟練掌握過渡連接詞能充分把握住原文的意圖和出題思路。過渡連接詞按語義劃分為以下最常見的幾種類型

表示增補: and , also , besides , what’s more , in addition , furthermore ?

表示因果: for this reason, because of, since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, hence ?

表示轉(zhuǎn)折: however, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, though, in fact ?

表示列舉: firstly, secondly, for one thing?for another, to begin with, then, last ?

表示解釋: for example, for instance, that is, namely ? 表示總結(jié): in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole ?

例如:

? the railroad connects two cities, namely, new york and chicago.這鐵路聯(lián)接兩個城市, 即紐約和芝加哥。(表示解釋)? she was very tired, nevertheless, she kept on working.她雖然很疲倦, 然而她卻繼續(xù)工作。(表示轉(zhuǎn)折)? he said that he could not find it and, furthermore, that nobody would ever find it.他說他找不到它, 而且也沒有人會找到它。(表示增補)? he was ill, and therefore could not come.(表示結(jié)果)他病了, 所以未能來。

二、翻譯技巧二

每一種語言，在詞意的運用，語句的鋪排、句子的結(jié)構(gòu)方面，都有其獨特的方式，而每一詞每一字所承載的文化信息亦各不相同。因此, 英譯漢的表達方式總體上可以分成兩大類:

（一）直譯法：

一般來說, 在語言條件許可的情況下, 應(yīng)該盡可能地用直譯, 使譯文既能保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又能保持原文的形式和風格。例如:

o all roads lead to roma.條條大路通羅馬。

o the soldier was as brave as a lion.那個士兵像獅子一樣勇敢。

o my brother is like a duck to water in the new job.我哥哥在新的工作崗位上如魚得水。

o it is he who has consistently offered fuel in snowy weather but never added flowers to embroidery.他這個人一向?qū)θ耸茄┲兴吞?，從來不是錦上添花。

（二）意譯法: 為使譯文得到和原文基本相同的文化信息，當翻譯中遇到兩種文化有差異，用直譯無法使譯文傳達準確的信息時，就要在母語中尋找與其對應(yīng)的表達方式，利用各種必要的轉(zhuǎn)換手段進行意譯。例如: ? he is down and out as if/though he lived a dog’s life.他窮困, 潦倒，好像過著牛馬一樣的生活。（轉(zhuǎn)譯法-a dog’s life轉(zhuǎn)換詞義）

? he behaved politely while answering the interviewer’s questions.他在回答采訪者問題時, 很有禮貌。(省略法–behaved 一詞不譯出)? he is a stranger to the company’s business.他對于該公司的經(jīng)營業(yè)務(wù)是陌生的。(轉(zhuǎn)換法–stranger 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞)? all preparation must be done before you do experiments.在做試驗之前, 一切準備工作都必須做好。(增加法-preparation增加“工作”)

? each country has its own customs.各國有各國的風俗.(重復法-each country重復使用“各國”)

北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書篇二

1． australia is a land of exceptional is the world's smallest continent and largest island, and a relatively young nation established in an ancient land.a series of geological and historical accidents has made australia one of the world's most attractive counties from the tourist's country has a land area of 7,686, 850 square kilometers and its coastline is 36,735 kilometers.// the vast movements of the earth's crust created a vast land of australia, isolated it and positioned it across the tropical and temperate climatic land has a small population, which left enormous areas you witness an astonishing variety of environments, from desert to rain forest, tropical beach to white snowfield, from big, sophisticated cities to vast uninhabited areas.//

澳大利亞是一個異常美麗的國家。這是世界最小的洲，也是最大的島，是在古老的土地上建立起來的較為年輕的國家。地質(zhì)史上，這塊土地的地貌形態(tài)發(fā)生了一系列變化，澳大利亞在旅游者眼中成了世界上最吸引人的國家之一。這個國家的陸地面積為7686850平方公里，海岸線長達36735公里。//地殼的劇烈運動使澳大利亞成了幅員遼闊，與大陸分離，地處溫、熱帶地區(qū)的國家。由于澳大利亞可以觀賞到各種地形風貌，從沙漠到熱帶雨林，從地處熱帶的海灘到白雪皚皚的田野，從撲朔迷離的大都市到人跡罕到的曠野，景觀各異，令人嘆為觀止。//

is always a pleasure to be among the best and the brightest in an atmosphere of university setting is the best incubator that exists for the inception and sharing of agenda you’ve set forth here for the next two-and-a-half days is one that goes to the heart of what is exciting and important to business and industry today.i’ve been asked to share my thoughts with you today about moving from ―me‖ thinking to ―we‖ view is simple: inspaniduals add;team players multiply.// tsinghua undergrads are fortunate in that more and more your university is encouraging teamwork in your case work, stimulating the transition from ―me‖ to ―we‖.at wilson, we, too, are making great strides in breaking down the psychological and organizational barriers that result from ―me‖ though we have more yet to do, we have been reaping exciting rewards by effectively using work teams to reengineer processes to gain improvements in costs, quality and response times.//

在學術(shù)氣氛中置身于最優(yōu)秀、最聰明的人士中間總是一件令人愉快的事。大學是思想涌現(xiàn)和交流的孵化器。你們所制定的兩天半的議程將探討的問題對今天工商業(yè)界來說是一些既令人興奮又有重要意義的核心問題。今天我應(yīng)邀向各位交流一下我對由―我‖思維轉(zhuǎn)為―我們‖思維的看法。我的觀點很簡單，我認為個人做的是加法，而集體做的是乘法。//清華大學的學生很幸運，因為貴校越來越提倡學生在案例學習中開展集體活動，促使―我‖思維模式向―我們‖思維模式的轉(zhuǎn)變。我們威爾遜公司也正在努力打破那些由―我‖思維帶來的心理障礙和組織障礙。雖然我們還有許多事要做，但是由于我們在調(diào)整營運過程中有效地發(fā)揮了團隊的作用，我們已經(jīng)在降低生產(chǎn)成本、提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、縮短反應(yīng)時間等方 面收到了令人鼓舞的成效。/ is one of the world’s great centers for classical and popular has enjoyed a reputation for superb theater since the time of shakespeare in the 16th variety ranges from the majestic royal national theatre to the lavish royal opera sheer number of symphony orchestras is impressive and includes the london symphony orchestra, the royal philharmonic orchestra and the english chamber orchestra.// some of the most well-known concert halls in the world, such as the royal festival hall, provide favorable venues for the cornucopia of performances in itself is a living museum, with more than 2,000 years of history and it also boasts one of the greatest concentrations of significant museums(more than 100)of any city in the jewel in this cultural crown is the british museum, with 4 kilometers of galleries and more than 4 million exhibits.// 倫敦是世界上古典文化和通俗文化的大中心之一。自16世紀莎士比亞時代起倫敦一直享有擁有一流劇院的美譽，如宏偉的皇家國家劇院和豪華的皇家歌劇院。倫敦擁有數(shù)量眾多的交響樂園，如倫敦交響樂團、皇家愛樂樂團和英格蘭室內(nèi)樂園。//倫敦有一些世界上最負盛名的音樂廳，如皇家節(jié)日廳，為倫敦各類音樂演出提供了良好的場所。雖然有著2000年歷史和文化的倫敦自身就是一座活生生的博物館，它卻集中了一個寵大的博物館群，數(shù)量超過100個，為世界其他城市所少見。大英博物館鑲刻在這頂文化 皇冠上的一顆寶石，擁有 4 公里長的展廊和 400 萬余件展品。

ver is predominantly a service the 1960s, employment in finance, insurance, and real-estate-related activities has tripled, that in accommodation and food services has quadrupled, that in health and welfare services has quintupled, and that in services for business has increased ment in primary and secondary industries has declined relative to population.// the majority of vancouver's historic buildings are in the gastown and chinatown sections of the city have undergone considerable change since 1960, when downtown high-rise office buildings and hotels were creek – a decaying industrial area with sawmills, rail yards, and small shops--was transformed into a residential development n, the original heart of the city, was restored in the 1880s style with antique stores and boutiques.//

服務(wù)業(yè)是溫哥華的主要行業(yè)。自20世紀60年代以來，金融、保險以及房地產(chǎn)相關(guān)行業(yè)的從業(yè)人員增至3倍，旅館餐飲服務(wù)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員增至4倍，衛(wèi)生福利服務(wù)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員增至5倍，商業(yè)服務(wù)的從業(yè)人員增至8倍。第一和第二產(chǎn)業(yè)的從業(yè)人員的比率下降了。//溫哥華的歷史建筑大多坐落在蓋斯敦和中國城地區(qū)。自1960年以來，溫哥華的老城區(qū)發(fā)生了相當大的變化，市中心的摩天辦公樓和旅館拔地而起。法爾斯河這個鋸木廠、鐵路調(diào)車場、小店鋪充斥其間的日漸衰敗的工業(yè)區(qū)，已被改造為住宅發(fā)展區(qū)。舊城的市中心蓋斯敦 區(qū)已重新恢復了 1880 年代的風格，古玩店和時裝禮品店四處可見。

plunging water has worn away the lower rocks so that there are caves behind the sheets of water of both eers may enter the cave of the winds at the foot of the american falls and get an unusual canadian falls has carved a plunge basin 59 meters the united states and canadian governments have built parks, viewing platforms, paths, and highways.// the niagara reservation state park was established in 1885 and is new york's oldest state includes an observation tower, elevators that descend into the gorge at the base of the american falls, and boat trips into the waters at the base of the horseshoe night colored lights illuminate the falls and create a charming spectacle which viewers find hard to turn away park area has long been a tourist site and a favorite spot for couples to spend their honeymoons.//

飛瀉直下的河水沖蝕著下面的巖石，久而久之，兩大瀑布的水簾之后便出現(xiàn)了洞穴。游客可以進入位于美國瀑布谷底旁的―風穴‖，觀賞穴內(nèi)奇景，可一飽眼福。加拿大瀑布長年累月的沖蝕，在其谷底造就成一個 59 米深的盆池。美加兩國政府分別為尼亞加拉瀑布建造了公園、觀賞臺、步行路徑和高速公路。//尼亞加拉保護區(qū)州轄公園于 1885年建立，是紐約州年代最久的州轄公園。公園里聳立著一座觀察塔，游人乘電梯直下，可來到美國瀑布底部的峽谷地帶。游客還可以乘坐游艇駛?cè)腭R蹄瀑布谷底的水域。夜幕降臨后，瀑布在五色斑斕的燈光的照耀下，顯得風情萬種，嫵媚無比，令人流連忘返。多年來，尼亞加拉瀑布公園一直是游人駐足之勝地，鴛侶蜜月之佳所。

zealand is a south pacific country located midway between the equator and the south within the south temperate zone, new zealand has an oceanic climate, without extremes of heat or parts of the country enjoy ample sunshine and rainfall, although the weather is rather s are the reverse of the northern hemisphere, with temperatures generally higher in the north of the country, which experiences sub-tropical warmth in brings extensive snowfalls in the southern alps.// new zealand is an active trading nation, linked to its principal trade partners by regular sea and air country is one of the world’ s largest exporters of wool, and the largest single-country exporter of dairy products(notably butter, cheese and milk powder), lamb and major exports and timber products, fish and horticultural is one of new zealand’s principal trade two countries have experienced increasing exchanges in many areas in recent years, including the frequent exchanges in cultural, educational and public health fields.//

新西蘭是一個南太平洋國家，位于赤道和南極洲之間。新西蘭地處南溫帶，屬海洋性氣候，沒有嚴冬和酷署。盡管氣候變化較大，但全國大部分地區(qū)陽光充足，雨量充沛。新西蘭的季節(jié)與北半球相反，北部的氣溫一般較高，夏季有著亞熱帶地區(qū)的溫暖。冬季到來時，南阿爾卑斯山脈為大雪所覆蓋。//新西蘭是一個活躍的貿(mào)易國，通過定期海上和空中運輸服務(wù)與主要的貿(mào)易伙伴保持聯(lián)系。新西蘭是世界上最大的羊毛出口國之一，也是單個出口乳制品（尤其是黃油、奶酪和奶粉）、羊羔內(nèi)和羊肉最多的國家。其他主要出口產(chǎn)品有木材、木器、水產(chǎn)和園藝品。中國新 西蘭的主要貿(mào)易伙伴國之一，兩國在許多領(lǐng)域里的交往，包括文化、教育和衛(wèi)生方面的交流，近年來有增無減。/

sydney opera house is the mother and father of all modern landmark gh its architect was forced to resign and it was never properly finished inside, the opera house has come to define not only a city, but also an entire nation and sydney opera house was meant to look like a giant sailing you may bring whatever interpretation you would to it.// since its opening in 1973, the sydney opera house has been host to many of the most memorable, world-class artistic r, as time goes by, modifications are required to meet the needs and technology of the day, without, of course, losing its architectural new south whales government has agreed to provide $69.3 million for several projects to improve the facilities and environment for performing arts companies, patrons and visitors.//

悉尼歌劇院是現(xiàn)代社會所有劃時代建筑物的先驅(qū)。雖然歌劇院的設(shè)計師被迫辭職，雖然歌劇院的內(nèi)裝潢從未圓滿竣工，但是這件作品已不僅僅是一座城市的標志，而且也是一個國家和一個洲的象征。雖然悉尼歌劇院的原創(chuàng)形象是一艘巨大的航船，但是你可以按自己的理解作出解釋。//自1973年劇院落成營業(yè)以來，已上演了許多場最令人難忘、世界級水平的藝術(shù)表演。然而，隨著時間的流逝，這座劇院需要修整以滿足時代發(fā)展的需要和技術(shù)進步的要求。當然，任何修整都不能以犧牲建筑整體特色為代價。澳大利亞新南威爾士州政府已決定斥資6930萬美元，推出了幾個旨在改進劇院設(shè)施和環(huán)境的工程項目，為表演藝術(shù)公司提供更好的演出條件，為觀眾和參觀者營造更好的觀摩環(huán)境。

ional chinese medicine says that good health is associated with the balance of qi--an energy force that flows through the can be hindered or helped by yin and yang--opposing forces that, when balanced, work harmoniously ing to traditional theory, the goal of acupuncture is to promote the flow of qi by keeping yin and yang in balance--and this is done by inserting needles at various points along primary channels and meridians that crisscross the body.// acupuncture is widely employed in easing cravings and withdrawal pains of heroin addicts.40% of the drug courts in the united states use acupuncture as part of their the miami system alone there are close to four hundred treatments per some countries, such as sweden, the doctors have achieved success with acupuncture in treating the effects of stroke patients getting acupuncture along with physical therapy did a lot better than those getting physical therapy alone.//

中國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學認為，健康的體魄與氣脈平衡有關(guān)。所謂―氣‖就是流動于體內(nèi)的能量，其通暢與否由陰陽二氣決定，當這兩種相對立的氣脈趨于平衡時，它們在一起就十分和諧。根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)理論，針刺療法的目的就在于使陰陽二氣平衡從而加羈氣脈的流動。其方法是將針刺入體內(nèi)交錯的主要脈絡(luò)上的各穴位。//針刺療法被廣泛用于緩解海洛因吸毒者的吸毒欲望以及戒毒帶來的痛苦。在美國，40％的戒毒所將針刺療法用作治療的組成部分。僅僅在邁阿密地區(qū)，每天就有近400項治療使用針刺療法。在有些國家，如瑞典，醫(yī)生用針刺療法成功地治療了中風。那些同時接受針療和理療的中風病人與僅接受理療的中風病人相比，前者的療效遠比后者好得多。//

'll find restaurants for every situation in the united you're in a hurry, you may just want to grab some “junk food” at a grocery store, or you can get a bite to eat at one of the many fast food chains, like mcdonald's, burger king, kentucky fried chicken, pizza hut, or taco you can get a hero or submarine sandwich “to stay” or “to go” from a sandwich shop or deli.// some of these places have tables, but many don' eat in their cars or take their food home, to their offices or to you prefer sitting down but still don't want to spend much, you can try a all of these places, you pick and choose your own food and then pay at a cash register, but you usually have to clear the table when you finish!//

在美國，你可以找到任何一種餐館。你若來去匆匆，可以去食品店隨手買些―方便食品‖，也可以從麥當勞、漢堡王、肯德基炸雞店、―必勝客‖比薩餅屋，或玉米卷這些快餐連鎖店中挑上一家，買些食物權(quán)且充饑。你還可以上三明治店或熟食店買一塊―英雄‖型或―潛水艇‖型的大三明治，你可以―堂吃‖，也可以―外賣‖。//這類快餐店有的甚至連餐桌都沒有，人們買了一份快餐后，有的拿到自己的車里去吃，有的拿回自己的家里去吃，也有的拿到辦公室或公園里去吃。如果你既想坐在餐桌邊上吃，同時又不愿多破費，那么你可以去自助餐廳。在那里，你可以先挑選自己喜歡的食物，然后到賬臺付錢。不過通常用完餐后，你得把自己的餐盤從餐桌上端走。

economist john maynard keynes argued that market behavior could not be rational, or subject to improvement, since our existing knowledge did not provide a sufficient basis for a calculated mathematical expectation of investment returns.i think this observation is particularly true when the object of speculation involves the application of a new technology, such as the internet.// modern financial theory attempts to surmount the problem of an unknowable future by suggesting that returns can be predicted by measuring the past volatility of share prices--shares that exhibit higher volatility are expected to yield greater this assumes the future will be a continuation of the past--like steering a car by looking in the rear-view ors therefore remain heavily dependent on their feelings of “greed” and “fear‖ , that drive markets remain constant throughout the ages.//

經(jīng)濟學家約翰·梅納德·凱恩斯曾經(jīng)說過，市場的行為不可能是理性的，也不可能改進，因為我們現(xiàn)有的知識不能為經(jīng)過精確計算而得出的投資收益預期提供充分的依據(jù)。我認為在投機對象涉及到新技術(shù)的使用時，例如因特網(wǎng)的使用，凱恩斯的這種看法尤為正確。//現(xiàn)代金融理論試圖解決未來不可預測的問題。按照現(xiàn)代金融理論，投資收益可以通過對股價以往的波動幅度來預測，也就是說，股價波動較大的股票可望帶來較大的回報。但是這種理論是以未來是過去的延續(xù)為前提的，如同看著后視鏡駕駛汽車一樣。所以投資者仍然在 很大程度上憑著自己的情感操作。在任何年代，推動市場的―貪心‖和―擔心‖這兩種心情 總是永恒不變的。

psychology of the market is one that includes both the psychology of investing and the psychology of are the compulsive attractions of gambling in the undulating moods of the stock market, alternating between its bull phase of energy greediness and grandiosity, and the bear phase of timidity, anxiety, indecisiveness and self-doubt, reflect the manic behavior of the gambling ation differs from most gambling activities in that the beliefs of the participants affect the certain circumstances speculators are capable of creating self-fulfilling prophecies.// success in speculation is ultimately dependent on finding someone else to buy your shares at a higher price than you paid for him or speculative bubble resembles a chain letter in that profits are provided by late entrants to the ne is attempting to anticipate the immediate intentions of his such circumstances, paying attention to shifts in market psychology becomes essential.//

市場的心態(tài)表現(xiàn)出投機與賭博兼而有之的兩重性。市場有難以抗拒的賭博誘惑。股市的情緒在牛市和熊市之間交替波動，牛市充滿了高漲的貪婪情緒，熊市則彌漫著膽怯、焦慮、猶豫不決和自我懷疑的情緒。股市心態(tài)的這種波動折射出賭徒的躁狂行為。投機活動與大多數(shù)賭博活動的不同之處在于，投機參與者的信念會影響投機結(jié)果。在某些情況下，投機者能夠創(chuàng)造出自我實現(xiàn)的預言。//投機的成功歸根到底取決于別人能否以比你買入時更高的價格買下你手中的股票。每個投機泡沫就好比一封連鎖信，利潤是由后來入市者提供的。每一個人都在預測競爭對手下_步的意圖。在這種情況下，對市場心理變化的關(guān)注是至關(guān)重要的。

utility of the united nations to the united states as an instrument of foreign policy can too easily be the years since its founding in 1945, the united nations has been more or less a servant of american most spectacular examples were the official un authorization and sponsorship of intervention in the ―troubled spots‖ of the world with an international peacekeeping er this fact: the united states provides an average quarter of the un budget.// many americans feel the united nations does not give good value for the any evaluation of the united nations must take into account the purpose for which the united states sought to create it: power without many cases, a victory of the united nations is a victory of the united recent years, however, with the growing position of china and some other countries in international diplomacy, the united states can no longer control un decisions as it did the united nations will continue to function as a useful instrument of american foreign policy.//

美國利用聯(lián)合國作為其外交政策的工具很容易被低估。聯(lián)合國自1945年成立以來，或多或少地成了美國利益的服務(wù)工具。最典型的事例是，在聯(lián)合國正式授權(quán)和操辦下，國際維和部隊可以對世界上的―麻煩‖地區(qū)進行干預。你得考慮這樣一個事實，美國給聯(lián)合國提供的經(jīng)費占了聯(lián)合國總預算的1／4。//許多美國人認為，聯(lián)合國沒有對這種投資予以良好的回報。但是，對聯(lián)合國的任何評價都必須考慮到美國所追求的目的，即不使用外交手段的力量。很多事例表明，聯(lián)合國的勝利就是美國的勝利。然而，由于中國以及其他一些國家近年來國際外交地位的提高，美國再也無法像以前那樣控制聯(lián)合國的決策。當然，聯(lián)合國作為美國外交政策的有效工具，將繼續(xù)發(fā)揮這樣的作用。//

must recognize that the world today is spanerse, manifold, colorful and rich in terms of should be an asset rather than a debt of permeates all aspects of human rights, whether civil, political, economic, social or world would be a much better place to live in if we respected cultural spanersity, practiced tolerance and lived together in peace with one another as good neighbors.// it is essential to transcend the differences in social system and ideology in handling state-to-state relations, and work to seek convergence of common interests, rather than model the world after one political system or development hope that the united nations will truly become a center for harmonizing actions of call for stronger efforts by the united nations to harmonize cultures through dialogues and consultation, as well as to resist any attempt to build a mono-cultural world by means of political pressure and coercion.//

我們必須認識到，當今世界的文化紛然雜陳、豐富多彩。這是人類的財富，絕非負擔。這一特征反映在人權(quán)的各個方面，如民權(quán)、政治權(quán)、經(jīng)濟權(quán)、社會權(quán)和文化權(quán)。如果我們尊重文化的多樣性，寬容忍讓，和睦相處，這個世界會變得更美好。//處理國與國的關(guān)系應(yīng)超越社會制度和意識形態(tài)的差異，努力尋求共同利益的匯合點，不能用一種政治制度和發(fā)展模式去規(guī)范世界。我們希望聯(lián)合國成為國際協(xié)調(diào)中心。我們要求聯(lián)合國發(fā)揮更強有力的作用，以對話和協(xié)商的方式協(xié)調(diào)文化關(guān)系，抵剖任何企圖以施加政治壓力的手段來建立一個單一文化世界的行為。

country has been a member of the organization for economic cooperation and development for almost 30 economic issues are among the core elements of post-cold war international relations and like other countries, we give priority attention to these increasing dependence on international trade and the effects of world economic conditions on our domestic economy have led to a sharpened focus on international trade issues in the pursuit of our foreign policy.// our economic and political future is linked closely with those of its asian and other pacific trade, investment and technology transfer, in the form of joint ventures with such countries, continue to h regular, reciprocal, high-level exchanges of visits, our close contact with their governments continues, particularly with the government of the people's republic of take the view that peace and prosperity in the asia-pacific region depend on the ability of the region's countries to cooperate to maintain economic growth and political are keen to ensure the stability and security of this region and to develop mutually profitable trade, investment, technological exchanges and cooperation.近30年來我國一直是經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織的成員。全球經(jīng)濟問題在冷戰(zhàn)后的國際關(guān)系中處于中心位置，我們同其他國家一樣對這些問題給予優(yōu)先考慮。由于我國對國際貿(mào)易的依賴越來越大，由于世界經(jīng)濟對我國經(jīng)濟的影響，我們在奉行外交政策的同時更為關(guān)注國際貿(mào)易問題。//我國政治和經(jīng)濟前途與亞洲以及其他太平洋鄰國的政治和經(jīng)濟前途休戚相關(guān)。通過與這些國家建立合資企業(yè)，我國的貿(mào)易、投資和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓繼續(xù)得到增長。經(jīng)常性的高層次互訪使我們同這些國家的政府，特別是同中華人民共和國政府，繼續(xù)保持密切的接觸。我們認為，亞太地區(qū)的和平與繁榮取決于該地區(qū)各國能否進行合作以保持經(jīng)濟增長和政治穩(wěn)定。我們迫切希望保障亞太地區(qū)的穩(wěn)定和安全，發(fā)展互惠互利的貿(mào)易、投資和技術(shù)交流與合作。

15round-the-clock timetable is changing our way of 21st century office never leaves bring our wireless cell phones and notebook computers when are people who bring their cell phones into concert halls and them, missing an important business message is not a miss that is round-the-clock hyperspeed ”internet time“ won't give us quiet time for resting and increasing number of business executives have taken to bragging about how much sleep they them, the ultimate status symbol is the power to live by nature's clock rather than the net's clock.// of course, there is no going back to the agrarian past.i think the right attitude is to go with the tide of the times and live as a master of our time without submitting to a kind of 21st century will learn to arrange our lives according to our nature's clock within the framework of the 24-hour timetable of the net, rather than chasing after the net's sun that never sets, for such an act is, undoubtedly, not only a sign of incompetence but also an act of burning the candle at both ends.//

二.十四小時的全天候時間表在改變著我們的生活方式。21世紀的辦公地點無處不在。我們外出度假時會隨身攜帶無線手機或手提電腦。有些人甚至把手機帶入音樂廳和會議廳，因為在他們看來，錯過一個重要的商業(yè)信息是不可彌補的過失。二十四小時的超高速的―因特網(wǎng)時問‖使我們無法靜心休息和思考。越來越多的企業(yè)行政主管開始把自己有時間睡覺作為吹牛的資本。對他們來說，地位的最大標志在于有無能力按照自然的生物鐘而非網(wǎng)絡(luò)鐘來工作和休息。//當然，從信息時代退回到農(nóng)耕時代是不可能的。我認為，正確的態(tài)度應(yīng)該是順應(yīng)時代的潮流，做時代的主人，而不要做二十一世紀的奴隸。我們要在這個二十四小時的因特網(wǎng)時間表內(nèi)，學會按照自己的生物鐘來安排自己的生活，而不要去追趕那永不落的網(wǎng)絡(luò)太陽。二十四小時地拼命追趕網(wǎng)絡(luò)太陽無疑是一種無能的表現(xiàn)，等于兩頭點蠟燭。//

中到英

1.近代中國經(jīng)歷了一段積貧積弱、任人宰割的歷史。落后就要挨打，這是中國人民從屢遭外來侵略的悲慘經(jīng)歷中得出的刻骨銘心的教訓。一個國家只有首先自強，才能在世界上自立一百多年來，中國人民為實現(xiàn)中華民族偉大復興的目標進行了不懈努力。//中華人民共和國成立后，中國人民自力更生、改革開放、與時俱進，在社會主義建設(shè)中 取得了舉世矚目的偉大成就。當前，中國人民堅定不移地抓住發(fā)展這個第一要務(wù)，正滿懷信 心地為全面建設(shè)小康社會、實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化而團結(jié)奮斗。//

china experienced a period of enduring impoverishment and long-standing debility in its modern history and was for a time at the mercy of other g behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks, which is the never-forgotten lesson the chinese people have learnt from their tragic experience of repeated foreign invasions.a country has to strengthen itself before it can be sure of its place in the over a hundred years, the chinese people have made unremitting efforts toward the goal of rejuvenating the nation.// since the founding of the people’ s republic of china, the chinese people, through self-reliance, have carried out the national program of reform and opening up and, by keeping pace with the times, have made great achievements in building socialism that have caught the attention of the present, the chinese people stay focused on the primary task of development, working together with full confidence to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and striving to achieve modernization.//

2.中方重視美方在貿(mào)易不平衡、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護等問題上的關(guān)切，已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)采取積極措施逐步加以解決。中方不追求長期對美貿(mào)易順差，將繼續(xù)履行入世承諾，進一步向美國產(chǎn)品開放市場。中國政府高度重視并將繼續(xù)加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護工作。我們已經(jīng)降低了對侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的刑事處罰門檻，已經(jīng)并將進一步加大執(zhí)法力度，開展保護知識產(chǎn)權(quán)專項整治行動。//解決中美經(jīng)貿(mào)摩擦等問題需要雙方共同采取行動。我們希望美方承認中國完全市場經(jīng)濟地位，取消對華出口商品和技術(shù)的限制，糾正貿(mào)易保護主義的錯誤做法。增加對華出口，而 不是限制自華進口，才是解決貿(mào)易不平衡的正確途徑。//

china pays great attention to ns about trade imbalances, ipr protection and others, and has taken, and will continue to take, effective steps to address them is not after prolonged surplus in trade with the united states, and will continue to honor its wto commitments by opening its market still wider to chinese government attaches great importance to ipr protection and will step up its measures in this have lowered the threshold for criminal penalties against ipr infringement, intensified law enforcement and launched ipr protection measures will continue to be implemented.// it takes the efforts of both china and the united states to address their economic and trade hope that the united states will recognize china’ s full market economy status, lift restrictions on commodity and technology exports to china and correct the wrong practices of trade sing exports to china, instead of restricting imports from china, is the right course of action to solve trade imbalances.//

3.泰山的每個季節(jié)都有獨特的魅力。春天，綠茵茵的山坡上，爭奇斗妍的花朵到處可見。夏天泰山的雷暴雨堪稱奇觀。秋天，楓樹葉漫山遍野，蔚藍色的河水川流不息。冬天，雪蓋群峰松披霜，景觀素雅悲壯，別有一番情趣。喜逢艷陽日，極目遠眺，重巒疊嶂，盡收眼簾。//但遇天陰時，環(huán)顧四周，蒼茫大地，盡入云海。泰山的日出與日落，聞名遐爾。壯觀的 自然風景以及不可計數(shù)的歷史名勝，激發(fā)了古代文人墨客，為之舞文弄墨，創(chuàng)作了無數(shù)經(jīng)典 佳作。泰山歷來是畫家騷客所鐘情的聚集地。//

each season here has its beauty: bright flowers in full bloom covering the green slopes in spring, spectacular summer thunderstorms which are rarely seen elsewhere, blue rivers running across the mountains overlaid with red maple leaves in fall, and snow-capped mountains and frosted pine trees in winter that stage a quiet solemn spectacle of particular a clear day one can see the peaks rising one after another.// when the sky is overcast, the horizon disappears into a sea of tai is most famous for its spectacular sunrise and landscape and numerous historical sites have inspired many great classics of ancient writers, scholars and tai has long been the preferred gathering place of artists and poets.//

4.20國集團會議機制，涵蓋了世界最主要的發(fā)達國家、發(fā)展中國家和轉(zhuǎn)軌國家，成員國人口占世界總?cè)丝诘?/3，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值占世界國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的90%以上，對外貿(mào)易額占世界貿(mào)易額的80%，是一個具有廣泛代表性的重要國際經(jīng)濟論壇。//在當前國際形勢下，20國集團各成員應(yīng)該在平等互利、求同存異、靈活務(wù)實的基礎(chǔ)上開展對話，加強同其他國際和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟機構(gòu)的交流合作，以增進互信、擴大共識、協(xié)調(diào)行動，在健全國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易體制和規(guī)則、完善國際經(jīng)濟金融體系、加強南北對話和合作、促進全球 減貧和發(fā)展等方面，發(fā)揮更大、更積極的實質(zhì)性作用。//

the g20 mechanism has included in its members the primary players of both developed and developing countries as well as those in ed by population size, they account for two thirds of the world total;by gdp, over 90 percent, and by foreign trade, 80 this has made it a widely representative and influential international economic forum.// in light of the current international context, g20 members must engage in flexible and pragmatic dialogues on the basis of equality and mutual benefits, seeking common ground while shelving ile, they must also increases exchanges and cooperation with other regional and international economic institutions to build trust, expand consensus and coordinate this will give them bigger and more active roles that can have a real impact on ameliorating the international trading systems and rules, improving the international economic and financial structures, enhancing north-south dialogue and cooperation and facilitating global efforts in poverty reduction and development.//

5.中國是一個有著 5000 多年悠久歷史的文明古國。長期以來，中國人民以自己的勤勞智

慧創(chuàng)造了燦爛的中華文明，為人類文明進步作出了重大貢獻。北京就是一座有 3000多年悠久歷史的文明古城，800多年前北京開始建都。//離今晚會場人民大會堂不遠的地方，就是舉世聞名的故宮。故宮始建于600年前，是世界上現(xiàn)存最大最完整的古代宮殿建筑群。從歷史悠久的北京和建筑精美的故宮這些縮影中，人們就能夠生動地感受到中華文明源遠流長、博大精深的深厚底蘊，感受到中華民族自強不 息、頑強奮進的壯闊歷程。//

china is an ancient civilization with a history of over 5,000 chinese people have made major contribution to human progress by creating the splendid chinese civilization with hard work and city of beijing, with its long history of over 3,000 years, stands testimony to that establishment as the capital city began over 800 years ago.// a short distance from the great hall of the people, where we are meeting right now, is the world-renowned imperial built some 600 years ago, it is the largest and most complete existing architectural complex of ancient royal palace in the the time-honored capital and its majestic palace, people can feel vividly the long standing and profound richness of the chinese civilization, and the grand course of historical development that the chinese nation has followed with a dauntless and dashing spirit.//

6.海的字面意思是指―海上之埠‖，簡稱―滬‖，別稱―申‖。上海面積為 6340平方公里，占全國總面積的 0.06%，屬沖積平原，地勢平坦，平均海拔高度為 4 米，最高點大金山海拔103.4，常住居民達1700萬。這是世界上最大的海港城市之一，也是中國最大的工業(yè)、商業(yè)、金融、航運中心之一。//這里有著世界上最快的陸地交通工具——磁懸浮列車和亞洲最高的高塔——東方明珠塔，它們標志著上海的速度和高度。隨著經(jīng)濟改革的日益深化，這座昔日被譽為遠東金融、經(jīng)濟和貿(mào)易中心的城市正在為促進長江三角洲的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展起著龍頭作用。與此同時，上海以她獨特的風韻吸引著數(shù)百萬計的海內(nèi)外游客。作為一座國際大都市，上海的國際航班可直達 世界上 60 多座城市。//

shanghai is literally named as ―a port on the sea‖.for historical reasons, this city has acquired two additional names for short, ―hu‖ and ―shen‖.shanghai occupies a soil deposit plain land of 6,340 altitude of 4 meters above sea level, the 103.4 meter dajinshan being the summit of this 17 million people register as the city’s permanent ai is one of the world’s largest seaports and among china’s biggest industrial, commercial, financial and shipping centers.// here you will see the world’s fastest means of land transportation, the maglev train, and the tallest tower in asia, the oriental pearl tower, marking metaphorically the speed and height of its deepening economic reform, this city, formerly crowned as the financial, economic and trade hub of the far east, is playing a leading role in boosting economic development in the yangtze river ile, shanghai has attracted millions of chinese and overseas tourists with its unique an international metropolis, shanghai provides direct flights to more than 60 cities in the world.//

7.北京觀光客自然都會游覽故宮和長城，這是因為故宮和長城是舉世聞名的旅游景點。而

今天我卻想向各位推薦北京第三大旅游場所，北京世界公園。北京世界公園于 90年代初在北京興建，是北京的最新旅游景點。這里游客那種―一日游盡天下景‖的夢想便可成真。//北京世界公園是規(guī)模雄踞亞洲同類公園之冠，所收微縮復制品的數(shù)量也堪稱亞洲之最。世界七大奇觀以及50個國家的約100處歷史名勝和自然景觀均以微縮模型展出。占地面積46.7公頃的世界公園分為17處風景區(qū)，收集了亞洲、非洲、歐洲、南北美洲以及大洋洲的 主要名勝景點。//

while the palace museum and the great wall, the two world-famous scenic spots, are known to all a must tourist destination for people visiting beijing, today, i’ d like to introduce to you the beijing world park, the third major tourist site in ted in the early 1990s, the beijing world park boasts the newest spot in beijing, and here the visitors may realize their dream of ―touring around the world in a day.‖// the beijing world park is the largest park of its kind, with mini replicas on the largest scale in seven wonders of the world and some 100 famous historical and natural sights from 50 countries are on display in 46.7-hectare world park features 17 scenic areas staging all the major tourist sites of asia, africa, europe, americas and oceania.//

8.中國是個多宗教的國家。主要宗教有佛教、道教、伊斯蘭教、天主教和基督教。佛教在

中國已有 2000 多年的歷史?，F(xiàn)在中國有佛教寺院 1.3 萬余座，出家僧尼約 20 萬人。道教發(fā) 源于中國，已有 1700 多年歷史。中國現(xiàn)有道教宮觀 1500 余座，乾道、坤道 2.5 萬余人。伊 斯蘭教于公元 7 世紀傳入中國。// 回族、維吾爾族等 10 個少數(shù)民族中的群眾信仰伊斯蘭教。這些少數(shù)民族總?cè)丝诩s 1800 萬，現(xiàn)有清真寺 3 萬余座，伊瑪目、阿訇 4 萬余人。天主教自公元 7 世紀起傳入中國。中國 現(xiàn)有天主教徒約 400 萬人，教職人員約 4000 人，教堂、會所 4600 余座。基督教于公元 19 世紀初傳入中國。中國現(xiàn)有基督徒約 1000 萬人，教牧傳道人員 1.8 萬余人，教堂、會所 1.2 萬余座。//

china is a country with a great spanersity of religious main religions are buddhism, taoism, islam, catholicism and sm enjoys a history of 2,000 years in tly china has 13,000-some buddhist temples and about 200,000 buddhist monks and , native to china, has a history of more than 1,700 now has over 1,500 taoist temples and more than 25,000 taoist priests and was introduced into china in the seventh century.// in china there are ten minorities, including the hui and uygur, with a total population of 18 million, whose faith is 30,000-odd mosques are served by 40,000 imams and icism was introduced into china in the 7th present, china has four million catholics, 4,000 priests and more than 4,600 churches and meeting tantism was first brought to china in the early 19th re are about 10 million protestants, more than 18,000 clergy, more than 12,000 churches and meeting houses throughout china.//

9.素有―江南第一學府‖之美譽的復旦大學已經(jīng)成為一個包容文、理、工、醫(yī)等學科的綜 合性大學。一個世紀以來，一代又一代的復旦人秉承―愛國、奉獻、求實、創(chuàng)新‖的 精神，以豐富的想像力、活躍的創(chuàng)造力和卓有成效的實踐，在中國高等教育發(fā)展史上留下了深深的足跡。//同時，為人類的文明和社會的進步，為民族的振興和國家的強盛，為上海的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和文化繁榮作出了重要的貢獻。當前，復旦大學正在大力推進學科建設(shè)和教學改革，提高辦學質(zhì)量和效益，全面提升復旦學術(shù)研究的知名度和影響力。//

fudan university, renowned without fail as the best university south of the yangtze river, has become a comprehensive university with a complete range of disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and the past one hundred years, the spirit of ”patriotism, dedication, truth-seeking and innovation“ has guided the fudan people generation after its rich imagination, active creativity and effectual practice, fudan has set up milestones in the history of china's higher education.// and it has contributed profusely to the progress of humanity and society, to the rejuvenation and prosperity of our nation, as well as to the economic and cultural prosperity of tly, fudan university is working hard in the hope of spurring discipline-construction and education reform, and improving education quality and efficiency, and elevating fudan's academic influence and visibility in all dimensions.//

10.上海博物館新館建筑總面積38000平方米，由地下兩層、地上5層構(gòu)成，建筑高度29．5米。這座壯觀的新館將方體基座和巨型圓頂及4個拱形出挑結(jié)合起來，象征著傳統(tǒng)文 化與時代精神的完美融合。從高處俯瞰，上海博物館的玻璃圓頂猶如一面碩大的漢代銅鏡。從遠處眺望，新館建筑猶如一尊青銅古鼎，默默承載著 5 000 年歷史和文明的重荷。// 上海博物館南面大門的兩側(cè)，聳立著 8 尊漢白玉雕塑。這是從 300 多件漢、唐雕塑文物 中遴選出 8 件作品加以仿制放大，每件高近3 米，重約 20 噸，極具莊嚴雄渾之氣。傳統(tǒng)文 化與現(xiàn)代風格的完美結(jié)合，在室內(nèi)裝飾上也得以充分體現(xiàn)。//

the new site of the shanghai museum has a construction space of 38,000 square meters with two floors underground and five floors above the ground with a height of 29.5 grand new building, structured with a square base and a circular top with four arch-shaped handles erected on it, symbolizes the perfect fusion of china's traditional culture and the spirit of modern viewed from above, the circular top with a glass dome in the center looks like a huge bronze mirror of the han viewed at a distance, the whole building resembles an ancient bronze ding tripod, shouldering in silence the heavy weight of the five-thousand-year chinese history and civilization.// the southern entrance of the shanghai museum is flanked by eight dignified mighty animals in white-marble sculpture, each with a height of close to three meters and a weight of about twenty eight sculptures were modeled and magnified after the prototypes carefully selected from over 300 stone and bronze sculpture relics of the han, northern and southern, sui and tang dynasties collected in the museum's perfect combination of traditional culture and modern architectural style is also fully captured by the interior decoration of the museum.//

11.歐洲是交響樂之鄉(xiāng)，也是歌劇之鄉(xiāng)，是許多杰出作曲家的搖籃。中國也有歌劇，那就是京劇。京劇起源于200年前清朝時期的北京。京劇是一種集歌劇表演、歌唱、音樂、舞蹈和武術(shù)于一體的表演藝術(shù)。我們的服裝展覽會將展示這個―東方歌劇‖歷時200年的發(fā)展史，以及源自清朝后期的舞臺服飾。//服飾設(shè)計采用了夸張性和象征性的手法，色彩明亮鮮艷，用料獨特，裁剪別致。另一場展覽將展出600套服飾，其中有秦漢以來不同朝代的古裝，有我國少數(shù)民族服裝，也有現(xiàn)代服飾。我國的名模將登臺表演，展示我國服裝業(yè)和服裝設(shè)計師的成就。//

europe is the home to symphonic music and also home to has been a cradle of many brilliant music has opera, 's peking opera, which originated from beijing some 200 years ago during the qing 's a performing art that embraces opera performance, singing, music, dancing and martial costume exposition will present 200 years of development of this ”oriental opera“ and the performance costumes dating to the late qing dynasty.// the costume design adopted exaggeration and symbolic means and bright materials are unique, so are the tailoring r exhibition will display a total of 600 sets of clothes, including the ancient clothes of different dynasties from the qin and han, the costumes of china's ethnic groups, and modern garments and models from china will participate to present the achievements of the chinese garment industry and chinese designers.// 12.中國人民自古以來的哲學思想就是―和為貴‖、―和而不同‖，我們歷來主張中美兩國文明雖有不同，卻不相斥；雖有差異，卻能交融。作為世界上有重要影響的大國，中美應(yīng)該相互尊重、相互學習、求同存異、取長補短，為不同國家、不同文明之間和諧共存、進行建設(shè)性合作樹立榜樣，為實現(xiàn)人類的共同發(fā)展作出貢獻。去年8月，美國波士頓斯諾敦公立高中的9名學生來到中國，到河北和北京與中國學生開展了為期半個月的―美中城市學生看中國‖活動。//活動中，兩國學生克服語言和文化障礙，超越習俗和偏見，通過溝通和互動，結(jié)下了深厚的友誼。美國學生學會了唱中國歌曲《茉莉花》、畫中國山水畫。―我們喜歡中國!‖是他們由衷的心聲。中國學生練就了標準的美式發(fā)音，還學會了跳美國街舞。依依惜別之時，兩 國學生彼此承諾：努力學習，健康成長，未來再相會。//

since ancient times, china's prevailing philosophy has been one that preaches ”peace is most precious“ and ”harmony without uniformity.“ we always believe that though the chinese and zations are different, they can easily get along with each other instead of repelling each major countries of global influence, china and the united states should respect and learn from each other, seek common ground while shelving differences, and complement each other with respective so doing, we can set a good example for different countries and civilizations to live side by side harmoniously and engage in constructive cooperation, making a contribution to the common development of august, nine ts from snowden national school in boston joined chinese students in hebei and beijing in a 15-day program entitled ― chinese city students view china.‖// during the program, the students overcame language and cultural barriers, rose above perhaps one-sided views, and forged deep friendship through communication and ts learnt to sing the chinese song ―jasmine‖ and paint landscape with chinese brushes.―we like china.‖ these are words from the bottom of their chinese students learnt quite standard american english pronunciation and the american it came to the time of parting, the students promised to each other that they would study hard, keep fit and meet again in the future.//

13.中國人認為，太極是天地萬物之根源。太極分為陰陽二氣，陰陽二氣產(chǎn)生木、火、土、金、水這五行。五行代表或作用于人體器官，即火對心，木對肝，土對脾胃，金對肺，水對。腎。陰陽化合而生萬物，太極則代表了陰陽調(diào)和。//長期以來，世界只知道中國有指南針、火藥、造紙和活字印刷四大發(fā)明。幾乎很少有人知道中國已發(fā)現(xiàn)了經(jīng)絡(luò)的存在。經(jīng)絡(luò)是指人體內(nèi)血氣運行通路的主干與分支網(wǎng)絡(luò)，針刺穴位 散布其間。北京經(jīng)絡(luò)研究中心通過現(xiàn)代科學方法，已經(jīng)證實了經(jīng)絡(luò)的存在。經(jīng)絡(luò)的發(fā)現(xiàn)無疑 是為《易經(jīng)》和《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的理論提供了強有力的佐證。

we chinese believe that taiji is the origin of all lives on comprises yin and yang, two types of vital five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal and water derive from yin and five elements correspond to, or affect, particular human is, the element of the fire corresponds to the heart, the wood to the liver, the earth to the spleen and the stomach, the metal to the lung and the water to the combination of yin and yang gives birth to all lives on represents the harmonious state of balance between yin and yang.// for a long time, the rest of the world was only aware of china's four major inventions: the compass, gunpowder, paper-making and movable-type few know about china's discovery of jingluo that exists in a human o is a system of internal main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of energy passages, along which acupuncture points are existence of jingluo has been proved by using modern scientific methods at the beijing jingluo research discovery of the existence of jingluo provides a strong support for the theories advanced in the book of changes and huang di's classic of internal medicine./

14.魯菜通常較咸，汁色普遍較淺。魯菜注重選料，精于刀工，善于炊技。作為我國北方菜系的代表，魯菜烹飪技術(shù)廣泛用于明清兩代的宮廷菜。川菜選料范圍大，調(diào)味及炊技變化多樣。據(jù)統(tǒng)計，川菜的品種在五千種以上。川菜最大的特點是口味重，以麻辣著稱。//最難歸類的粵菜強調(diào)輕炒淺煮，選料似乎不受限制?；洸嗽从诿髑?，在發(fā)展過程中不僅吸收借鑒了中國北方烹調(diào)和西餐烹調(diào)的精華，同時也保持了自己的傳統(tǒng)特色。揚州菜以江蘇省境內(nèi)的揚州、南京、蘇州等地的地方菜式為基礎(chǔ)之大成。揚州菜注重選料的原汁原味，在菜的裝飾上講究形態(tài)的藝術(shù)性和顏色的鮮艷性，揚州菜實際上糅合了南北菜系之精華。也有人以八個字來歸納這四大菜系的口味特點，即―南淡北咸，東甜西辣‖。//

shandong cuisine is generally salty, with a prevalence of light-colored dishes feature choice of materials, adept technique in slicing and perfect cooking ng cuisine is representative of northern china's cooking and its technique has been widely absorbed by the imperial dishes of the ming(1368-1644)and qing(1644-1911)n cuisine features a wide range of materials, various seasonings and different cooking tics show that the number of sichuan dishes has surpassed 5, a rich variety of strong flavors, sichuan food is famous for its numerous varieties of delicacies, dominated by peppery and chili flavors and best known for being spicy-hot.// cantonese cuisine, the hardest to categorize, emphasizes light cooking with seemingly limitless range of ese cuisine took shape in the ming and qing the process of its development, it has borrowed the culinary essence of northern china and of the western-style food, while maintaining its traditional local ou cuisine bases itself largely on the three local cooking styles of yangzhou, nanjing and suzhou, all within jiangsu emphasizing the original flavors of well-chosen materials, it features carefully selected ingredients, also, the artistic shape and bright colors of the dishes and more ornamental ou cuisine is essentially a combination of the best elements of northern and southern ing to some others, the characteristic flavors of china’ s four major cuisines can be summed up in the following expression: ―the light southern(canton)cuisine, and the salty northern(shangdong)cuisine;the sweet eastern(yangzhou)cuisine, and the spicy western(sichuan)

15.我們應(yīng)該尊重和維護世界文明的多樣性。各國文明的多樣性，是人類社會的基本特征，也是推動世界文明進步的重要動力。當今世界擁有60億人口，200多個國家和地區(qū)，2500多個民族，5000多種語言。各個國家和地區(qū)，無論是歷史傳統(tǒng)、宗教信仰和文化背景，還是社會制度、價值觀念和發(fā)展程度，往往存在這樣那樣的差異，整個人類文明也因此而交相輝映、多姿多彩。//這種文明的多樣性是在歷史長河中形成的，并將長期存在下去。中國古代思想家孔子曾說過，―萬物并育而不相害，道并行而不相悖‖。我們應(yīng)該充分尊重各國文明的多樣性，而不應(yīng)人為歧視或貶低他國文明；應(yīng)該鼓勵各種文明在對話交流中相互借鑒、取長補短，而不應(yīng)相互隔絕和相互排斥；應(yīng)該倡導各種文明在相互包容、求同存異中共同發(fā)展，而不應(yīng)強求一 律、強加于人。//

we should respect and maintain the spanersity of the world's spanerse civilizations are a hallmark of human society and an important driving force behind human world today has over 6 billion inhabitants living in more than 200 countries and break down into over 2,500 ethnic groups and speak more than 5,000 different it historical tradition, faith and culture, or social system, values and level of development, those countries or regions are often different from one is these differences that make our planet dazzling, colorful and bustling with life.// such spanersity is a legacy of history and will stay with us into the ancient chinese thinker confucius once said, ”all living creatures grow together without harming one another;ways run parallel without interfering with one another." instead of harboring bias against or deliberately belittling other civilizations, we should give full respect to the spanersity of d of shutting each other out in mutual exclusion, we should encourage dialog and exchange between civilizations so that they can learn from each other in mutual d of demanding uniformity and imposing one's will on others, we should promote common development of all civilizations in the course of mutual tolerance and seeking agreement while shelving differences.//

北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書篇三

淺析英譯漢翻譯中詞類轉(zhuǎn)換技巧

【摘要】英語作為一門國際語言和交流工具，隨著我國國力的增加，已經(jīng)在溝通和交流文化及商業(yè)中起到了舉足輕重的作用。英語翻譯中，需要了解兩種語言的特點和形式，并利用一些技巧將文章通順及合理地翻譯。文中闡述了英譯漢翻譯過程中的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換技巧，就某些翻譯中頻頻出現(xiàn)的問題結(jié)合具體實例進行了較為詳盡的分析，這對于英譯漢的翻譯和英語更深層次的學習有重要意義。

【關(guān)鍵詞】翻譯原則 英譯漢 詞性轉(zhuǎn)換

一、翻譯原則及詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的含義

翻譯是在準確，通順的基礎(chǔ)上，把一種語言信息轉(zhuǎn)變成另一種語言信息的行為，翻譯也是將一種相對陌生的表達方式轉(zhuǎn)換成熟悉的表達方式的過程。翻譯的主要標準：1.忠實。要忠實原文所要傳達的信息，把原文的信息完整而準確地表達出來。2.通暢。譯文規(guī)范，明白易懂，沒有文理不通，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，邏輯不清的現(xiàn)象。

詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法是指在翻譯過程中，根據(jù)譯文語言的習慣進行相關(guān)的變換，不僅是指詞類的轉(zhuǎn)變，而且還包含詞類功能的改變和一定詞序的變換，英文和中文詞類沒有完全對應(yīng)的關(guān)系，英語單詞有詞性變換，中文沒有，大學英語中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換是名詞，介詞詞組，形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。

二、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧分析

英文翻譯過程中，不少學生都將自己束縛在原文的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、句型以及字數(shù)上，往往會出現(xiàn)“生搬硬套”翻譯情況，使得譯文的詞組運動不當、語序不正確，很難將原文的含義表達出來。這些問題主要表現(xiàn)為譯文的上下文連續(xù)性不強、沒有達到語境要求以及死譯等。所以，英文翻譯時需要事先比較英文和中文的語言結(jié)構(gòu)和表述習慣。其中，英語以形式為主，而中文則以含義為主。因此，在對這兩種語言進行翻譯時應(yīng)根據(jù)語言的語言特征和邏輯性，盡量不要頻繁對英文進行斷句，否則將破壞英文的連貫性，還會降低文章的嚴謹性。除此之外，針對詞類轉(zhuǎn)換中出現(xiàn)的詞性或詞序變化問題，需要學生明確英文詞匯間的關(guān)系。例如，英文單詞詞性的變化大都是通過詞綴完成的，例如加前綴或后綴，從而產(chǎn)生不同的詞性。而漢語通常都使用動詞。對于這些差異，在翻譯過程中必須要重視起來。

三、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的類型

1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞。①表示直覺，感情，欲望的心里狀態(tài)的形容詞，如果做表語則在翻譯是經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞，如confident，certain，careful，cautious，angry，sorry，ashamed，thankful，anxious，grateful，able等。例如：he is grateful for her help.譯為：他很感激她的幫助?！癵rateful”由形容詞“感激的”譯為動詞“感激”。②英語的構(gòu)詞法中，由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的名詞一般有加前綴，后綴的方式。例如，-ment，-tion，-er….這時，由動詞派生或者含有動詞含義的名詞在翻譯時需要將名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞。例如：robots have found application for the exploration of the universe.譯為：機器人已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。注：如果這里的“application ”和“exploration”轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞后，就會使句子語句通順。

2.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞。在英語中由形容詞派生的名詞翻譯起來需要轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，否則會使語句不通順。例如：the new design should offer greater security to cities where earthquakes often take place.譯為：新的設(shè)計應(yīng)該使地震頻發(fā)的城市更為安全。注：這里的offer security由中的“security”翻譯時由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞；如果字面意思譯為“提供更大安全”，則不夠地道，感覺很生硬。

3.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。在英譯漢中，通常將修飾名詞的形容詞譯為副詞。例如：you had better give them a quick glance during communication.譯為：在溝通時，你最好飛快地瞥一眼他們。注：在原句中名詞glance 由形容詞quick修飾，需要在譯文中轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。

4.副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞。在英譯漢中，修飾英文動詞的副詞經(jīng)常譯為形容詞。例如：we were most impressed by the fact that those patients were not in good condition.譯為：給我們留下深刻印象的是，那些病人的身體狀況不太好。

5.介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞。英語中常用介詞表達動詞的含義，翻譯時需將介詞譯為動詞。例如：while she is working，her feet are on the bench.譯為：當她工作時，她的腳放在椅子上。注：這里 on the bench 是介詞短語，需要譯為“放在椅子上”的動詞短語。

四、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的注意事項

詞類轉(zhuǎn)換過程中需要注意：首先要尊重原著的意思，不能為了翻譯的方便而破壞原文本意；其次要注意翻譯詞語和語境與文章上下文之間的聯(lián)系，使讀者閱讀時能夠清楚詳盡。此外，在翻譯過程中，需要保證翻譯的通順和精確，這是翻譯的最基本原則和要求，也是成功翻譯的條件。最后一點也是最重要的一點，翻譯時需要將文章中的精髓進行一定的加工，使得作品在遵循原文的基礎(chǔ)上能夠更加貼近文學本身，能夠讓讀者感受到理解文章基本內(nèi)容的同時有可以學到的新的東西，無論是翻譯技巧還是翻譯的內(nèi)容中包含的知識。不僅考驗翻譯的功底也同時使得翻譯有更加有意義更加長遠的發(fā)展。

五、結(jié)論

英文翻譯中詞性轉(zhuǎn)換是最基本也是最常用的方法，上文結(jié)合例句介紹的五類詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的方法是英譯漢翻譯中最常見的五種，掌握這些會有助于翻譯的成功。對于大學生甚至是研究生來說，把握詞性轉(zhuǎn)化的方法，做到舉一反三，在此基礎(chǔ)上，有良好的翻譯思想做指導，不生搬硬套，注重意義的理解，通過上下文的貫通以及清晰的邏輯關(guān)系，會使文章翻譯的更加順暢，更容易理解，加深我們對英語原文的解讀。

參考文獻：

[1]程兵兵，佘波.從《實用英語》中看英譯漢的基本方法和技巧[j].科技視界，2014，12：218-219.

北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書篇四

要真正掌握英譯漢的技巧并非易事。這是因為英譯漢時會遇到各種各樣的困難；首先是英文理解難，這是學習、使用英文的人的共同感覺，由于兩國歷史、文化、風俗習慣的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看來順理成章，而在中國人看來卻是顛顛倒倒、斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，極為別扭。二是中文表達難，英譯漢有時為了要找到一個合適的對等詞匯，往往被弄得頭昏眼花，好象在腦子里摸一個急于要開箱子的鑰匙，卻沒有。另外，英譯漢時對掌握各種文化知識的要求很高，因為我們所翻譯的文章，其內(nèi)容可能涉及到極為廣博的知識領(lǐng)域，而這些知識領(lǐng)域多半是我們不大熟悉的外國的事情，如果不具備相應(yīng)的文化知識難免不出現(xiàn)一些翻譯中的差錯或笑話。正是因為英譯漢時會遇到這么多的困難，所以，我們必須通過翻譯實踐，對英漢兩種不同語言的特點加以對比、概況和總結(jié)，以找出一般的表達規(guī)律來，避免出現(xiàn)一些不該出現(xiàn)的翻譯錯誤，而這些表達的規(guī)律就是我們所說的翻譯技巧。

一、詞義的選擇和引伸技巧

英漢兩種語言都有一詞多類和一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類就是指一個詞往往屬于幾個詞類，具有幾個不同的意義；一詞多義就是同一個詞在同一詞類中又往往有幾個不同的詞義。在英譯漢的過程中，我們在弄清原句結(jié)構(gòu)后，就要善于運用選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞詞義的技巧，以使所譯語句自然流暢，完全符合漢語習慣的說法；選擇確定詞義通?？梢詮膬煞矫嬷郑?/p>

1、根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義

they are as like as two peas.他們相似極了。（形容詞）

he likes mathematics more than physics.他喜歡數(shù)學甚于喜歡物理。（動詞）wheat, oat, and the like are cereals.小麥、燕麥等等皆系谷類。（名詞）

2、根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句中的搭配關(guān)系來選擇和確定詞義。he is the last man to come.他是最后來的。

he is the last person for such a job.他最不配干這個工作。

he should be the last man to blame.怎么也不該怪他。

this is the last place where i expected to meet you.我怎么也沒料到會在這個地方見到你。

詞義引伸是我們英譯漢時常用的技巧之一。翻譯時，有時會遇到某些詞在英語辭典上找不到適當?shù)脑~義，如果任意硬套或逐詞死譯，就會使譯文生硬晦澀，不能確切表達原意，甚至會造成誤解。這時就應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，從該詞的根本含義出發(fā)，進一步加以引伸，引伸時，往往可以從三個方面來加以考慮。

1、詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯。當我們遇到一些無法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組時，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，引伸轉(zhuǎn)譯。

the energy of the sun comes to the earth mainly as light and heat.太陽能主要以光和熱的形式傳到地球。

2、詞義具體化。根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣，把原文中某些詞義較籠統(tǒng)的詞引伸為詞義較具體的詞。

the last stage went higher and took the apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一級火箭升得更高，把“阿波羅號”送進圍繞地球運行的軌道。

3、詞義抽象化。根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣，把原文中某些詞義較具體的詞引伸為詞義較抽象的詞，或把詞義較形象的詞引伸為詞義較一般的詞。

every life has its roses and thorns.每個人的生活都有甜有苦。

二、詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧

在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達方式不同，就不能逐詞對譯，只能將詞類進行轉(zhuǎn)譯之后，方可使譯文顯得通順、自然；對詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧的運用須從四個方面加以注意。

1、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞。英語中的某些名詞、介詞、副詞，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的動詞。the lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way.植物沒有專門的排泄系統(tǒng)，可用同樣的方式加以說明。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）as he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去時，忘記了穿鞋子。

2、轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞。英語中的某些動詞、形容詞，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語中的名詞。the earth on which we live is shaped a ball.我們居住的地球，形狀象一個大球。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）the doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded.醫(yī)生盡了最大的努力來治療病號和傷員。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換）

3、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。英語中有些作表語或賓語的抽象名詞，以及某些形容詞派生的名詞，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。另外，當英語動詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞時，原來修飾該動詞的副詞也往往隨之轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的形容詞。

it is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.使用雷達探測水下目標是沒有用的。（作表語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）

the sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.太陽對人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）

4、轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞。英語中的某些名詞、形容詞，翻譯時可轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的副詞。

when he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有 可能反對他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風趣將這些人爭取過來。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯）

三、漢譯的增詞技巧

英譯漢時，按意義上、修辭上或句法上的需要加一些詞，使譯文更加忠實通順地表達原文的思想內(nèi)容；但是，增加的并不是無中生有，而是要增加原文中雖無其詞卻有其意的一些詞，這是英譯漢中常用的 的技巧之一。增詞技巧一般分作兩種情況。

1、根據(jù)意義上或修辭上的需要，可增加下列七類詞。flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鮮花滿院盛開。（增加表示名詞復數(shù)的詞）

after the banquets ,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitor ,he went home tiredly.在參加宴會、出席音樂會、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他疲倦地回到了家里。（增加動詞）he sank down with his face in his hands.他兩手蒙著臉，一屁股坐了下去。（增加副詞）i had known two great social systems.那是以前，他就經(jīng)歷過兩大社會制度。（增加表達時態(tài)的詞）

as for me ,i didn’t agree from the very beginning.我呢，從一開始就不贊成。（增加語氣助詞）the article summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers ,artificial satellites and rockets.本文總結(jié)了電子計算機、人造衛(wèi)星和火箭這三方面的新成就。（增加概括詞）

2、根據(jù)句法上的需要增補一此詞匯。

reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.讀書使人充實,討論使人機智,寫作使人準確.(增補原文句子中所省略的動詞)all bodies on the earth are known to possess weight.大家都知道地球上的一切物質(zhì)都肯有重量。（增補被動句中泛指性的詞）

四、正反、反正漢譯技巧

正反、反正漢譯技巧是指翻譯時突破原文的形式，采用變換語氣的辦法處理詞句，把肯定的譯成否定的，把否定的譯成肯定的。運用這種技巧可以使譯文更加合乎漢語規(guī)范或修辭要求，且不失原意。這種技巧可分五個方面加以陳述。

1、肯定譯否定

the above facts insist on the following conclusions.上述事實使人們不能不得出以下結(jié)論。

2、否定譯肯定

she won’t go away until you promise to help her.她要等你答應(yīng)幫助以后才肯走。

3、雙否定譯肯定

there can be no sunshine without shadow 有陽光就有陰影。

但是，如果翻譯時保留英語原來的“否定之否定”的形式并不影響中文的流暢時，則應(yīng)保留的目的還可突出原文中婉轉(zhuǎn)的語氣。如he is not unequal to the duty.他并非不稱職。

4、正反移位

i don’t think he will come.我認為他不會來了。

5、譯為部分否定

not all minerals come from mines.并非所有礦物都來自礦山。

both of the substances do not dissolve in water.不是兩種物質(zhì)都溶于水。

五、漢譯的重復技巧

重復技巧是英譯漢中的一種必不可少的翻譯技巧。由于英譯漢時往往需要重復原文中的某些詞才能使譯文表達明確具體；又由于英漢語言結(jié)構(gòu)不同，重復的手段和作用也往往不盡相同，大致可分為三種。

1、為了明確

i had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble.我曾碰到過，不是氧氣設(shè)備了故障，就是引擎出故障，或兩者都出故障（重復名詞）under ordinary conditions of pressure ,water becomes ice at c and steam at 100c.在常壓下，水在攝氏零度時變成冰，在攝氏一百度時變成蒸汽。（重復動詞）a locality has its own over-all interest ,a nation has another and the earth get another.一個地方有一個地方的全局，一個國家有一個國家的全局，一個地球有一個地球的全局（重復謂語部分）

2、為了強調(diào)

he wandered along the street ,thinking and thinking brooding and brooding.他在街頭游來蕩去，想了又想，盤算了又盤算。

3、為了生動

while stars and nebulae look like specks or small patches of are really enormous bodies.星星和星云看起來只是斑點點，或者是小片的光，但它們確實是巨大的天體。

六、倒譯技巧

英漢詞句組成和排列的順序千差萬別，因此英譯漢時作些調(diào)整，顛倒一下順序，則是一種極為常見的翻譯技巧，這種翻譯技巧共分五種類型。

1、復合句倒譯技巧。復合句倒譯可分為部分倒譯和完全倒譯兩種技巧。

this university 6 newly _established faculties ,onic computer ,high energy physics ,laser ,geo-physics ,remote sensing, and genetic engineering.這所大學現(xiàn)在有電子計算機、高能物理、激光、地球、物理、遙感技術(shù)、遺傳工程等六個新建的專業(yè)。（部分倒譯）

many laws of nature actually exist in nature though they have not yet been discovered.雖然許多自然規(guī)律還沒被發(fā)現(xiàn)，但是它們確實在自然界中存在。（完全倒譯）

2、被動句倒譯的技巧。被動句倒譯時，有時可將被動句倒譯成主動句，有時可將狀語倒譯成主語。

the structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it.雖然我們看不見原子結(jié)構(gòu)，但能準確地描述它。（被動句倒譯成主動句）table tennis is played all over china.中國到處都打乒乓球。（狀語倒譯成主語）

3、以否定型副詞或條件副詞開頭的句子的部分倒譯技巧。能引起這種倒譯的副詞有no ,never ,hardly ,no no way ,not until ,not even ,only 等。

never before have i read such an interesting book.我從來沒有讀過這樣有趣的書。

4、帶有介詞短語句子的部分倒譯技巧

these date will be of some value in our research work.這些資料對于我們的研究工作有些價值。

5、習語的倒譯技巧。習語的倒譯可分為按照漢語的固定順序倒譯和從輕重上加以區(qū)分進行倒譯以及逆時間順序進行倒譯三種技巧。

for its last 600 miles the yellow river flows eastwards through the flat , fertile ,north china plain ,which is densely populated.黃河最后的六百英里，向東流過平坦肥沃、人口密集的華北平原。（按照漢語的固定順序倒譯）

heal the wounded ,rescue the dying ,practice revolutionary humanitarianism.救死扶傷，實行革命的人道主義。（以輕重上區(qū)分進行倒譯）

we have to be quick of eye and deft of hand.我們必須眼疾手快。（逆時間順序倒譯）

七、句子成份的轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧

英漢兩種語言，由于表達方式不盡相同，在具體英譯漢時，有時往往需要轉(zhuǎn)換一下句子成分，才能使譯達到邏輯正確、通順流暢、重點突出等目的。句子成分轉(zhuǎn)譯作為翻譯的一種技巧，其內(nèi)容和形式都比較豐富，運用范圍也相當廣泛，共包括五個方面的內(nèi)容。

1、主語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧，可以將句子的主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語中的定語、賓語、狀語等。the wings are responsible for keeping the sir plane in the air.機翼的用途是使飛機在空中保持不墜。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語）

to get all the stages off the ground ,a first big push is needed.為了使火箭各級全部離開地面，需要有一個巨大的第一次推力。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語）machinery has made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly.因為機械的緣故，工廠里出的產(chǎn)品比起以前來，價格便宜多了。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語）

2、謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧?？梢詫⒅^語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語。

radar works in very much the same way as the flashlight.雷達的工作原理和手電筒極為相同。

3、賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。可以將賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語。

automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but apper in a varitety of forms.各種自動車床的作用基本相同，但形式不同

4、定語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。定語可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語和狀語。neutron has a mass slightly larger than that of proton.中子的質(zhì)量略大于質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語）

scientists in that county are now supplied with necessary books ,epuipment and assistant ,that will ensure success in their scientific research.現(xiàn)在已給該縣科學家提供了必要的圖書、儀器和助手，以保證科研工作的成功。（轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語）

5、狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯技巧。狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯一般指的是狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)譯。它可分作把時間狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句，把地點狀語從轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句和把原因狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成困果偏正復句中的主語等三種形式。

these three colors ,red ,green ,and violet ,when combined ,produced white.紅色、綠色和紫色這三種顏色如果合在一起就變成白色。（時間狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句）

where there is nothing in the path of beam of light ,nothing is seen.如果光束通道上沒有東西，就什么也看不到。（地點狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成條件狀語從句）because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.他深信這件事正確可靠，因此堅持已見。（原因狀語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯成因果偏正復合句中的主句）

八、分句、合句漢譯技巧

英譯漢時，由于兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)大不相同而往往需要改變一下句子結(jié)構(gòu)以適應(yīng)于漢語的表達習慣。采用分句、合句進行翻譯的作法正是為了達到這種目的而運用的一種重要技巧。所謂分句，就是指把原文的一個簡單句譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子；所謂合名，就是指把原文的兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復合句譯成一個單句。運用這種分句、合句的漢譯技巧可以使譯文層次分明，更合乎于漢語的表達習慣。分句流譯的技巧共分五種類型，合句漢譯的技巧共分三種類型。先談?wù)劮志錆h譯技巧的五種類型。

1、主語分句漢譯技巧。

a man spending twelve days on the moon would find ,on returning to the earth ,that a year had passed by already.一個人如果在月亮上度過了十二天，回到地球以后就會發(fā)現(xiàn)一年已經(jīng)過去了。

2、謂語分句漢譯技巧。

it goes without saying that oxygen is the most active element in the atmosphere.不言而喻，氧氣是大氣中最活潑的元素。

3、定語分句漢譯技巧

he managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然種出了二百個奇跡般的西紅柿，每個重達兩磅。

4、狀語分句漢譯技巧 sunrays filtered in wherever they could ,driving out darkness and choking the shadows.陽光射入了它所能透過的地方，趕走了黑暗，驅(qū)散了幽影。

5、同位語分句漢譯技巧。

mary normally a timid girl ,argued heated with them about it.瑪麗平常是個靦腆的姑娘，現(xiàn)在也熱烈地和他們辯論起來。

一、英語長句的分析

一般來說, 造成長句的原因有三方面:(1)修飾語過多;(2)并列成分多;(3)語言結(jié)構(gòu)層次多。在分析長句時可以采用下面的方法:

(1)找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語, 從整體上把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。

(2)找出句中所有的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、非謂語動詞、介詞短語和從句的引導詞。

(3)分析從句和短語的功能, 例如, 是否為主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句等,若是狀語, 它是表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、還是表示條件等等)。

(4)分析詞、短語和從句之間的相互關(guān)系, 例如, 定語從句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個等。

(5)注意插入語等其他成分。

(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定詞組或固定搭配。

下面我們結(jié)合一些實例來進行分析:

orists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.分析:(1)該句的主語為behaviorists, 謂語為suggest, 賓語為一個從句, 因此整個句子為behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)。

(2)該句共有五個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 它們的謂語動詞分別為suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 這五個謂語結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系為: behaviorist suggest that-clause 結(jié)構(gòu)為主句;who is raised in an environment為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為child;where there are many stimuli為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為environment;which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses為定語從句, 所修飾的先行詞為stimuli;在suggest的賓語從句中, 主語為child, 謂語為experience, 賓語為greater intellectual development.在作了如上的分析之后, 我們就會對該句具有了一個較為透徹的理解, 然后根據(jù)我們上面所講述的各種翻譯方法, 就可以把該句翻譯成漢語為: 行為主義者認為, 如果兒童的成長環(huán)境里有許多刺激因素, 這些因素又有利于其適當反應(yīng)能力的發(fā)展, 那么, 兒童的智力就會發(fā)展到較高的水平。

a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.(85年考題)

分析:(1)該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為it is more … to do sth than to do sth else.是一個比較結(jié)構(gòu), 而且是在兩個不定式之間進行比較。

(2)該句中共有三個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 它們之間的關(guān)系為: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to … 為主體結(jié)構(gòu), 但it是形式主語, 真正的主語為第二個謂語結(jié)構(gòu): to sit comfortably at home, 并與第三個謂語結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。

(3)句首的for a family of four作狀語, 表示條件。另外, 還有兩個介詞短語作插入語: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二個介詞短語作伴隨狀語, 修飾to sit comfortably at home.綜合上述翻譯方法，這個句子我們可以翻譯為：

譬如, 對于一個四口之家來說, 舒舒服服地在家中看電視, 就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂節(jié)目, 這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

二、長句的翻譯

英語習慣于用長的句子表達比較復雜的概念, 而漢語則不同,常常使用若干短句, 作層次分明的敘述。因此, 在進行英譯漢時, 要特別注意英語和漢語之間的差異, 將英語的長句分解, 翻譯成漢語的短句。在英語長句的翻譯過程中, 我們一般采取下列的方法。

(1)順序法。當英語長句的內(nèi)容的敘述層次與漢語基本一致時, 可以按照英語原文的順序翻譯成漢語。例如:

when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.(84年考題)

分析: 該句子由一個主句, 三個作伴隨狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時間狀語從句組成, 共有五層意思: a.既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉(xiāng)時;b.電仍在為我們工作;c.幫我們開動電冰箱;d.加熱水;e.或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達的順序與漢語完全一致, 因此, 我們可以通過順序法, 把該句翻譯成:

即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉(xiāng)時, 電仍在為我們工作: 幫我們開動電冰箱, 把水加熱, 或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。

now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.(84年考題)

分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is realized that…”, it為形式主語, that引導著主語從句以及并列的it is even possible to …結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語, the time …是“expectation of life”的同位語, 進一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語從句。五個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 表達了四個層次的意義: a.可是現(xiàn)在人們意識到;b.其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊藏量是有限的;c.人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”;d.將這些已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡的時間。根據(jù)同位語從句的翻譯方法, 把第四層意義的表達作適當?shù)恼{(diào)整, 整個句子就翻譯為:

可是現(xiàn)在人們意識到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說, 經(jīng)過若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。

下面我們再列舉幾個實例:

to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique inspaniduals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世紀以前, 小說中的婦女像都是一個模式。她們沒有任何特點, 因而無法成為具有個性的人;他們還要屈從于由男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)強加給他們的種種束縛。

method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”

這種使用參照物的方法可以應(yīng)用于許多種情況, 也能用來找到很不相同的各種問題的答案, 從“鐵生銹, 是否必須有一定的濕度才行?”到“哪種豆類一季的產(chǎn)量最高?”

begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event;it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures;it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man's life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.我們對歷史的愛好起源于我們最初僅對一些歷史上的宏偉場面和激動人心的事件感到孩童般的興趣;其后, 這種愛好變得成熟起來, 我們開始對歷史這出“戲劇”的多樣性和復雜性, 對歷史上的輝煌成就和悲壯失敗也感興趣;對歷史的愛好, 最終以我們對人類生命的一種深沉的神秘感而告結(jié)束。對死去的, 無論是偉大與平凡, 所有在這個地球上走過而已逝的人，都有能取得偉大奇跡或制造可怕事件的潛力。

parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.如果做父母的對這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準備, 而且認為這是一個顯示出孩子正在成長, 正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨立的判斷力的標志, 他們就不會感到如此傷心, 所以也就不會因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳Φ那榫w而把孩子推到對立面去。

(2)逆序法。英語有些長句的表達次序與漢語表達習慣不同, 甚至完全相反, 這時必須從原文后面開始翻譯。例如:

um remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個句子由一個主句, 兩個原因狀語和一個定語從句, “鋁直到19世紀才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: a.鋁直到19世紀才被人發(fā)現(xiàn);b.由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁;c.由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起;d.最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;e.鋁跟氧有很強的親和力。按照漢語的表達習慣通常因在前, 果在后, 這樣, 我們可以逆著原文的順序把該句翻譯成:

鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合;因為鋁跟氧有很強的親和力, 由于這個原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。

therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.分析: 該句由一個主句, 一個條件狀語從句和一個賓語從句組成, “……變得越來越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有三個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 包含三層含義: a.……變的越來越重要;b.如果要使學生充分利用他們的機會;c.得為他們提供大量更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導。為了使譯文符合漢語的表達習慣, 我們也采用逆序法, 翻譯成:

因此, 如果要使學生充分利用他們(上大學)的機會, 就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息, 作更多的指導。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。

下面我們再舉幾個實例:

is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning english seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.一旦了解英語的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和句型, 再往下學似乎就越來越難了, 這其中的原因, 也許教師比學生更容易理解。(the poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對于以往幾代人來說, 舊式的體力勞動是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動, 因此首先體驗到技術(shù)進步之害的是窮人。

例5.a great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the united states the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the beat generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美國出現(xiàn)了一個任何人都不可能視而不見的現(xiàn)象, 窮知識分子以“跨掉的一代”這種頗為浪漫的姿態(tài)出現(xiàn)而成為美國典型的窮人, 正是這個時候大批大學生被趕進了知識分子的貧民窟。

is a human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.許多人寧愿犧牲比較高的工資以換取成為白領(lǐng)工人的社會地位, 這在西方倒是人之常情。

s would make it impossible for us to live in the world;they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動物保護我們, 昆蟲將吞噬我們所有的莊稼, 害死我們的牛羊家畜, 使我們不能生存于世。

(3)分句法。有時英語長句中主語或主句與修飾詞的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時可以按照漢語多用短句的習慣, 把長句的從句或短語化成句子, 分開來敘述,為了使語意連貫, 有時需要適當增加詞語。例如:

number of the young people in the united states who can't read is incredible about one in four.上句在英語中是一個相對簡單的句子, 但是如果我們按照原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)死譯, 就可能被翻譯成:

沒有閱讀能力的美國青年人的數(shù)目令人難以相信約為1/4。

這樣, 就使得譯文極為不通順, 不符合漢語的表達習慣, 因此, 我們應(yīng)該把它譯為:

大約有1/4的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力, 這簡直令人難以置信。

sion, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85年考題)

分析: 在此長句中, 有一個插入語“it is often said”, 三個并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 還有一個定語從句, 這三個并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個句子,但都有獨立的意義, 因此在翻譯時, 可以采用分句法, 按照漢語的習慣把整個句子分解成幾個獨立的分句, 結(jié)果為:

人們常說, 通過電視可以了解時事, 掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。

下面我們再舉一個例子:

they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.(85年考題)

他們所必須做的只是按一下開關(guān)。開關(guān)一開, 就可以看到電視劇、電影、歌劇, 以及其他各種各樣的文藝節(jié)目。至于政治問題的辯論、最近的激動人心的足球賽更是不在話下。

gh perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.雖然在某處已經(jīng)開始的生命中可能僅有百分之一會發(fā)展成高度復雜、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的數(shù)目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一個天然組成部分。

(4)綜合法。上面我們講述了英語長句的逆序法、順序法和分句法, 事實上,在翻譯一個英語長句時, 并不只是單純地使用一種翻譯方法, 而是要求我們把各種方法綜合使用, 這在我們上面所舉的例子中也有所體現(xiàn)。尤其是在一些情況下, 一些英語長句單純采用上述任何一種方法都不方便, 這就需要我們的仔細分析, 或按照時間的先后, 或按照邏輯順序, 順逆結(jié)合, 主次分明地對全句進行綜合處理,以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實的漢語句子。例如:

were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.分析: 該句共有三層含義: a: 人們不敢出門;b: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;c: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。在這三層含義中, b表示讓步, c表示原因, 而a則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語習慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:

盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門, 因為警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。

下面我們再舉幾個例子:

scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.對于現(xiàn)代書籍, 特別是教科書來說, 要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話, 那么就應(yīng)該每隔較短的時間, 將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。

his cue from ibsen's a doll's house, in which the heroine, nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer lu xun warned that nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走, 因為她憎惡她的丈夫像對待孩子一樣來對待她。作家魯迅從中得到啟示, 從而告誡人們娜拉得需要錢來養(yǎng)活自己, 她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟上的權(quán)利。

to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.到目前為止, 經(jīng)歷了18和19兩個世紀, 這種新的傾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生產(chǎn)活動、商業(yè)往來、政府部門以及娛樂場所都集中在城市的中心地區(qū)。

英譯漢是運用漢語把英語所表達的思想準確而完整地重新表達出來的語言活動。而英譯漢的過程則是 正確理解英語原文和創(chuàng)造性地用漢語再現(xiàn)英語原文的過程, 在英譯漢的過程中, 有兩點值得我們特別地注 意:

(1)漢語所要表達的是英語原文的內(nèi)容, 即句子或文章的意義, 而不是句子結(jié)構(gòu);

(2)在翻譯過程中, 英語原文的內(nèi)容要準確而完整地重新表達出來，而不是將兩種語言結(jié)構(gòu)進行簡單的轉(zhuǎn)換。

因此,在做英譯 漢的題目時, 漢語所表達的意義應(yīng)與原文保持一致, 而漢語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)只是為這一表達服務(wù), 而不應(yīng)拘泥 于原文。另外, 應(yīng)付英譯漢考試和一般的從事翻譯創(chuàng)作不同, 因為各自有不同的衡量標準, 翻譯創(chuàng)作的標 準為“信、達、雅”, 而英譯漢考試則只要做到“忠實、通順”即可。要做到忠實原文,就應(yīng)該掌握好適 度原則, 即要把原文的內(nèi)容準確完整地表達出來, 既不能改變和歪曲, 也不能增加或刪減。例如, he is seriously ill.這本來是一個極為簡單的句子, 可將其翻譯為“他病得歷害”或“他病得很重 ”, 但有人為了追求譯文所謂的“漂亮”, 把它譯成“他茍延殘喘”, 這就給譯文增加了 一定的感情色彩, 違背了忠實的原則, 反而得不償失。要做到通順, 就必須把英語原文翻譯成合乎漢語規(guī) 范的漢語, 譯文必須是明白通暢的現(xiàn)代漢語, 即不能逐字逐詞的死譯, 也不能生吞活剝。例如, his addi tion completed the list.有人將該句翻譯成“他的加入結(jié)束了名單”或“他的加入完成了名單 ”, 這樣的翻譯盡管可以使讀者能勉強看懂, 但總使人有別扭之感, 根本不象是地道的漢語, 根本 就不符合漢語的表達習慣, 關(guān)于上句, 我們不妨把它翻譯為“把他添上, 名單(上的人)就全了”, 這樣采取靈活的方法, 沒有生硬地套用原文的結(jié)構(gòu), 就使得譯文合乎漢語的習慣, 使人容易看懂, 讀起 來也順口多了。英譯漢的過程包括理解, 分析句架表達和校核三個階段, 理解是表達的前提, 若不能正確地理解原文就談不上確切的表達, 但理解與表達通常是互相聯(lián)系, 往返反復的過程, 在進行漢語表達的時候, 又可以進一步加深對原文的理解, 因此, 在英譯漢的過程中, 往往需要考生從英語到漢語, 再從漢語到英語反復的推敲。

一、理 解

理解階段的目的在于讀懂英語原文, 弄清原文的意思。為了透徹理解原文, 建議考生在復習和應(yīng)試時采取下列步驟:

(1)通讀全文。通讀全文的目的在于從整體上把握整篇文章的內(nèi)容，理解劃線的部分與文章其他部分之間的語法與邏輯關(guān)系。在段落中要搞清劃線的句子和其他句子之間的關(guān)系, 特別要弄清代詞it, they, them, this, that, these, those other所指代的詞或詞組。這些詞和詞組有時在劃線的部分就能找到，有時則要到前面有關(guān)的句子中去找，這樣的例子在今年的試題中是很多的。如: 92年的英譯漢考題第一小題的英文為: there is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.在該句子中有the term一詞, 那么它指代的是什么呢? 只有通過閱讀上下文才能搞清楚, 而有的考生只是單純地把它翻譯為“這一術(shù)語”, 但是,在標準答案中, 該詞被翻譯成“智力”, 因為通過上下文我們很容易地看出它指的是“智力”這一術(shù)語。再比如在93年的考題中的英譯漢部分的第二題的句子為“it is not that scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.” 在這個句子中，the scales in the one case, the balance in the other, the former, the latter等的含義都是在把握全文的基礎(chǔ)之上才能掌握的，也只有這樣我們才能做出正確的翻譯。目前市場上的一些復習指導書主張考生不用通讀全文，我們認為這是很不可取的，因為孤立地閱讀劃線部分的英語，往往無法理解該部分的真正含義。一篇好的文章, 其前后的意思都互相關(guān)聯(lián), 具有很強的邏輯性, 一個單詞或句子只有在具體的上下文中才能體現(xiàn)出確切的含義來, 這就是為什么我們有時看完一本書或一篇文章之后才對上文中的某個難以理解的地方“恍然大悟”。因此,上下文能幫助我們正確的理解劃線的部分, 通讀全文是很重要的。但是, 在通讀全文的過程中應(yīng)該注意，對非劃線的部分不要花費時間過多，對于其中一些不太容易理解的內(nèi)容也不必太在意，只是搞清大體意義即可。因為通讀全文的目的在于幫助自己理解劃線的部分, 只要能把該部分理解透徹也就足夠了。

(2)分析劃線部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。中國的英語學習者往往具有非常好的英語語法知識，在做翻譯試題時也應(yīng)充分發(fā)揮和利用這一優(yōu)勢。從近年來的研究生入學試題來看，劃線的部分一般來說結(jié)構(gòu)句子都比較復雜。例如, 1994年的第二小題, “in short, a leader of the new school contends, ”the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and the use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.像這樣復雜的句子如果不搞清楚它的語法結(jié)構(gòu), 很難達到正確完整地理解原文的要求。在分析劃線的部分的句子結(jié)構(gòu)時，我們要注意首先把句子的主語、謂語和賓語找出來，這樣句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)也就清楚了，在分析句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)時還應(yīng)該注意分析句子中成分是否有省略的地方，主句和從句之間的關(guān)系是否明確等等，在此我們再次提醒考生注意，正確地把握句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是進行正確地翻譯的關(guān)鍵，如果連句子結(jié)構(gòu)還沒有搞清楚，就匆忙地動筆翻譯，肯定是不會有好的結(jié)果的，在往屆的考生中，這樣的教訓屢見不鮮。下面我們以1996年碩士研究生入學考試英語試題的第72題來說明句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析方法：

this trend began during the second world war, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.這是一個簡單句，句子的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為this trend began during the second world war, when…, when是一個關(guān)系副詞，在這個句子中引導了一個非限制性定語從句，修飾前面的名詞the second world war。而在when引導的定語從句中，主句是several governments came to the conclusion …, that引導了一個同位語從句，做conclusion的同位語。在這個同位語從句中，主句是the specific demands… cannot generally be foreseen…, that是關(guān)系代詞引導了一個定語從句，修飾前面的名詞demands。這樣通過我們進行詳細的分析，在搞清楚句子的具體結(jié)構(gòu)之后，在動筆翻譯也就簡單多了。也只有劃清句架結(jié)構(gòu)，我們才能知道如何翻譯。例如上句中如果我們把when作為狀語從句，譯成“當……時候”就要被扣掉0??5分。如果把demand當成動詞，也要扣0??5分。

(3)理解分析劃線部分的含義?？忌粌H要弄清句子中所有實詞和虛詞的詞匯意義, 還要理解全句的整體意義。理解句子的依據(jù)除了句子本身之外, 還有該句子所處的具體的語言環(huán)境。在此階段應(yīng)清楚下列問題: a.句子中是否 含有代詞和其他具有指代意義的詞, 如果有, 應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文確定它們指代的內(nèi)容是什么;b.句子中的短語和一些常 用的詞往往具有多種含義和用法, 那么, 在該句中它們的具體含義是什么;c.按照你的理解, 該部分的意義是否與 全篇文章的內(nèi)容一致, 有無相互矛盾?？傊? 在動手翻譯之前, 首先要讀懂原文, 不要一上來就急于動手翻譯, 這 樣做往往會出現(xiàn)一種情況: 該題快要翻譯完了, 猛然又發(fā)現(xiàn)自己理解有誤,馬上就急忙修改, 搞的卷面上一塌糊涂, 而且很容易忙中出錯, 把本應(yīng)拿到的分數(shù)丟掉了, 這是非常令人可惜的。例如，某年的英譯漢試題中有這樣一句要 求翻譯的句子: the capacity to use a raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, and techniques of processing.一位考生把它翻譯成“使用原料的能力取決于各種各樣 的因素, 例如,接近的方法, 提取的方法和加工技術(shù)?！?很顯然, 這為考生并未完全理解這句話的意思, 原文列出 的三個因素, 是指獲得某種原材料的三個過程, 即探礦、開采和冶煉, 因此, ”means of access”, “methods of extraction” 和“techniques of processing” 應(yīng)該分別譯為“鉆探手段”、“開采方法”和“冶煉技術(shù)”, 那么, 整個句子就可翻譯為“利用一種原材料能力的大小取決于各種各樣的因素, 比如,鉆探手段、開采方法和 冶煉技術(shù)。”

二、表 達

表達就是譯者把自己從英語原文理解的內(nèi)容用漢語表達出來, 表達的好壞取決與譯者對于英語原文的理解程度以及漢語的修養(yǎng)水平。理解是表達的基礎(chǔ)，表達是理解的結(jié)果，但是理解正確并不意味著一定會有正確的表達，許多考生反映，有時對原文理解之后還不知如何用漢語表達，就充分說明了這一點，因為在表達上還存在許多具體的方法和技巧。關(guān)于這些方法和技巧我們將在后面詳細論述, 在此我們只是介紹兩中基本的翻譯方法: 直譯和意譯。

(1)直譯。所謂直譯, 就是在譯文語言條件許可時, 在譯文中既保持原文的內(nèi)容, 又保持原文的形式。在漢語和英語兩種語言中存在著許多共同之處，在對于許多英語句子的翻譯過程中, 完全可以采取直譯的方法, 這樣可以獲得一舉兩得之功效, 既保持了原文的結(jié)構(gòu), 又正確表達了原文的內(nèi)容。但是直譯不是死譯和硬譯,象“it is asserted that …;it is believed that …”這一類的結(jié)構(gòu), 如果直譯過來那就不倫不類了。

(2)意譯。漢語和英語分別屬于不同的語系, 兩者在詞匯、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表達方法上具有很多的差異。當原文的思想內(nèi)容與譯文的表達形式有矛盾不易采用直譯的方法處理時, 就應(yīng)采用意譯法, 意譯就是不拘泥于原文的形式, 重點在于正確表達原文的內(nèi)容。例如:“do you see any green in my eye?” 象這樣的句子, 只能采取意譯的方法, 把它翻譯為“你以為我是好欺騙的嗎?” 當然, 意譯并不等于亂譯,胡亂地翻譯是不符合“忠實”的翻譯標準的。

在具體的翻譯過程中, 我們應(yīng)該采取靈活的方法, 不論是直譯還是意譯, 只要是符合“忠實、通順”的翻譯原則, 都是可取的。在這里我們建議考生對結(jié)構(gòu)比較復雜的句子可以先采取直譯的方法，然后再對直譯得出得結(jié)果進行加工潤色，在保持原來句子意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣，用既符合原文的意義又符合漢語表達習慣的句子表達出來。例如，我們在上面分析的1996年考題中的第72題我們可以首先直譯為：

這種趨勢開始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，當時一些政府得出這樣的結(jié)論，政府希望對科研部門所提出的特定的要求，總的來說還不能非常具體的預見到。

然后，我們對上述譯文進行加工潤色，就可以得出下面的結(jié)果：

這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)，當時一些國家的政府得出結(jié)論，政府向科研機構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無法預見的。

在翻譯的過程中, 我們務(wù)必注意以下幾點:

(1)理解透徹之后再動手表達, 否則表達的結(jié)果會令人莫名其妙;

(2)切忌在翻譯時把漢語和英語對號入座, 逐字逐句的對號入座的結(jié)果往往是不倫不類;

(3)切忌擅自增減詞意, 增減意義與翻譯技巧中經(jīng)常提到的增詞法與減詞法根本就不是一回事。

三、校 核

校核階段是理解與表達的進一步深化, 是對原文內(nèi)容進一步核實以及對譯文語言進一步推敲的階段, 因此, 校核是翻譯過程中一個很重要的階段, 并不是可有可無的, 通過表達之后的校核, 我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)譯文的一些問題, 確保自己理解的內(nèi)容很有把握地得到分數(shù)。在校核階段, 一般應(yīng)注意與下列各項有關(guān)的問題:

(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和數(shù)字等;

(2)漢語譯文的詞與句有無錯漏;(3)修改譯文中譯錯或表達不夠準確的句子、詞組或詞匯;

(4)有無錯別字;

(5)標點符號是否有誤。

北外口譯翻譯技巧資料書篇五

英譯漢

chapter one 詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶 一．詞義的選擇

（一）根據(jù)詞性 he likes are shining like knows like.(二)根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系 he is the last man to do should be the last to is the last man to is the last person for such a job.二．詞義的引申

（一）將詞義做抽象化的引申

1．將表示具體形象的詞譯成該形象代表的屬性

every life has its roses and thorns.每個人的生活有甜有苦。there is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of them.他們的性格既殘暴，又狡猾。

2．將帶有特征性形象的詞譯成該形象所代表的詞 see-sawing between partly good and faintly bad 時好時壞這兩種情況不斷地交替出現(xiàn) their troops goosestepped into power.他們的軍隊耀武揚威地奪取了政權(quán)。

（二）將詞義做具體化的引申

the car in front of me stopped and i missed the green.我前面的車停下來了，我錯過了綠燈。

三．詞義的褒貶

（一）英語中有些詞本身具有褒貶意義 he was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。

his notoriety didn’t come until his death.他的惡名是他死后才傳開的。

（二）中立意義的詞在上下文中譯出褒貶

the politician talked about his hopes and ambitions.我們要求他談了他的希望和抱負

he had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺騙了我，使我成了他進行罪惡勾當?shù)墓ぞ摺?/p>

練習: information technology will be at the heart of global economic competition in the 21st century.信息技術(shù)將成為21世紀全球經(jīng)濟競爭的中心。

the largest american cities are a spanerse group, but they share certain problems.美國的大城市形形色色，卻有許多共同的問題。

the expansion of educational opportunities promoted the american ideal of equal opportunity for all.由于教育不斷普及，推動了機遇面前人人平等的美國理想的實現(xiàn)。race relations in the us continue to be a thorny problem.美國的種族關(guān)系一直是棘手的問題。

the spanerse population presents great challenges to the society, racism and discrimination remain problems.多民族的人口結(jié)構(gòu)也給社會帶來一定的問題，種族歧視和偏見依然存在。

both newspapers and magazines are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.報紙和雜志的經(jīng)費來源主要是依靠廣告收入。

geography has given the us extensive and accessible resources, fertile land, and a beneficial climate.地理位置為美國提供了豐富的可利用資源，肥沃的土地和有利的氣候。the percentage of us children living without their father present has ballooned.美國沒有父親的單親孩子比例激增。

the american greeting card and decoration industries encourage the celebration of both religious and secular holidays.美國的節(jié)日賀卡和裝飾業(yè)增添了宗教節(jié)日和習俗節(jié)日的歡樂氣氛。

between 1689 and 1763, great britain and france fought a series of wars which involved the north american colonies.1689年至1763年間英法兩國連年戰(zhàn)爭，使北美的歐洲殖民地也卷入其中。

the modern american economy has never been completely free from government involvement。現(xiàn)代美國經(jīng)濟從來沒有完全脫離過政府的干預。

the increase in dink families has shattered the traditional idea of chinese family。丁克家庭的增長沖擊了傳統(tǒng)的中國家庭觀念。

chapter two 詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯 一．轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞 1．名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞

rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已用來探索宇宙。

2．含有動詞意味的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞

the sight and sound of our plane filled me with special longing.看到我們的飛機，聽到飛機的聲音，令我特別神往。

3．英語中以er結(jié)尾的名詞在句中不指身份和職業(yè)，而含有動詞意味，譯為動詞 i think my sister is a better singer than i.我認為我姐姐比我唱的好。二．轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞 1．名詞派生的動詞

formality has always characterized their relationship.他們之間的關(guān)系有一個特點就是以禮相待。2．名詞轉(zhuǎn)化的動詞

this machine is designed to burn up if overused.這個機器，按其設(shè)計，如果過度使用就會燒毀。

練習：

for millions of immigrants, the statue of liberty was their first sight of the promising land.數(shù)百萬移民踏上這片充滿希望的土地，第一眼看到的是自由女神像。

one thing that often leads people to move is the desire for better climate, more attractive scenery, more agreeable living.導致人們遷居的原因往往是向往宜人的氣候，迷人的景色和愜意的生活。

the american airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.過去的20年中，美國的航空運輸業(yè)迅速發(fā)展。

the growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.財富逐漸集中在少數(shù)人手中，引發(fā)了許多社會問題和政治問題。

population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.人口的增長是自然增長和不斷移民的結(jié)果。

the american economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.美國經(jīng)濟的組織方式是個人所有制，合伙制和公司制。

chapter three 分句 合句法 一．分句法

（一）把原句中一個單詞譯成句子 1．副詞

they, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他們根本沒有答復，這是不足為奇。2．形容詞

he talked with understandable pride about his daughter.他在談到他女兒的時候很自豪，這是可以理解的。3．名詞

the inside of each house depended on the personality of its owner.每個房間內(nèi)怎樣的布置，這要看各個使用者的性格了。

(二)把短語翻譯成句子 1．名詞短語

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，這是一條普遍公認的規(guī)律。2．介詞短語

their power increased with their number.他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增加。

(三)把原文中的一個句子拆開, 變成兩個句子

another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.如果該地區(qū)再次發(fā)生戰(zhàn)爭, 顯然會使國際關(guān)系處于緊張狀態(tài)。

his failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因為他沒有遵守安全規(guī)則，機器出了故障。

二．合句法

（一）把原文中兩個或以上的簡單句譯成一個句子

there are men here from all over the of them are from the north.從全國各地來的人中有許多是北方人。

（二）把原文中的主從復合句譯成一句

when we praise the chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我們對中國領(lǐng)導人和中國人民的贊揚不僅僅是處于禮貌。

練習: americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds.美國人有獨立的精神，有自主的權(quán)利，并為此感到自豪。

the popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.電視普及，盜版問題嚴重，導致了電影業(yè)的衰落。

hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter.由于受季風影響，夏威夷一年四季如春，春夏秋冬，白天黑夜，溫差很小。

americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries.與大部分工業(yè)化國家相比，美國人休假時間短，休假次數(shù)少。

the importance of strengthening ties between the us and china will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.隨著新世紀的開始，加強美中關(guān)系變得越來越重要。

growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages.某些產(chǎn)業(yè)勞動力日益短缺，將使工人更有權(quán)利要求較高的工資。

new york has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.紐約已經(jīng)成為西方世界最具影響力的大城市之一，目前人口已達800萬。

despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the us.雖然美國是個富裕的國家，但全國仍然存在著貧窮和嚴重的收入差別問題。

the researchers want to perfect cloning in cows because of the large market for expensive high-quality beef.科研人員希望完善克隆牛技術(shù)，因為昂貴的高質(zhì)牛肉市場龐大。

chapter four 定語從句 一．限制性定從

（一）前置法

there will come a day when people of the world live a happy life under the sun of socialism.全世界人民在社會主義陽光下過幸福生活的一天是會到來的。

（二）后置法

1．譯成并列分句，重復英語先行詞 they are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every chinese and for which, in the past, many chinese have laid down their lives.他們正在為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍惜的，在過去，許多中國人曾為此犧牲了自己的生命。

he unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and spirit to this career which today helps him reach his goal.他把自己非凡的才智和精力無私地獻給了這項事業(yè)，而這項事業(yè)今天已使他實現(xiàn)了目標。2．譯成并列分句，省略英語先行詞

it is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.是他接到那封信，說他的叔叔去世了。

（三）融合法

there are many people who want to see the film.許多人要看這部電影。二．非限制性定語從句

（一）前置法

her laughter, which was very infectious, broke the silence.她的富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉默。

（二）后置法 1．譯成并列分句

（1）從句后置，重復關(guān)系詞代表的含義

they toured the forbidden city, where the chinese emperors had once lived in lofty splendor.他們參觀了紫禁城，從前的中國皇帝曾在那里過著奢華顯赫的生活。（2）從句后置，省略關(guān)系詞代表的含義

after dinner, they resumed their talk, which continued well into the night.飯后，他們繼續(xù)會談，直到深夜。

（3）從句前置，重復關(guān)系詞代表的含義

this war, however, more complex than the last one, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.上一次戰(zhàn)爭是帝國主義列強之間爭奪市場，資源和領(lǐng)土的沖突，而這次戰(zhàn)爭卻比上一次復雜。

2．譯成獨立句

he had talked to the president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和總統(tǒng)談過話，總統(tǒng)向他保證，凡是能作到的都將去做。

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