無論是身處學(xué)校還是步入社會，大家都嘗試過寫作吧，借助寫作也可以提高我們的語言組織能力。相信許多人會覺得范文很難寫？下面我給大家整理了一些優(yōu)秀范文，希望能夠幫助到大家，我們一起來看一看吧。
英美文學(xué)考研篇一
couplets: a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter : 14 iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme conquest: in the year the normans headed by which is mainly about canterbury tales, in chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of boccaccio’s decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were m shakespeare, one of the first founders of the first period of his work shakespeare wrote:
1590the second and third part of king henry vi
1591the first part of king henry vi
1592the life and death of king richard iii;the comedy of errors
1593titus andronicus;the taming of the shrew
1594the two gentlemen of verona;love’s labour’s lost;romeo and juliet
1595the life and death of richard ii;a midsummer night’s dream
***8much ado about nothing;the merry wives of windsor;the life of king henry v
1599the life and death of julius caesar;as you like it
1600twelfth night, or, what you will
in the second period:
1601 1602 troilus and cressida;all’s well that ends well
160416051606antony and cleopatra
1607the tragedy of coriolanus;timon of athens
1608pericles, prince of tyre
in the third period:
1609cymbeline, king of britain
1610the winter’s tale
1612the tempest;the life of king henry viii
be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a die, to sleep, no s bacon is scientist, philosopher, donne, a metaphysical poets(玄學(xué)派詩人)
john milton, his paradise lost, which tells how satan rebelled against god and how adam and eve were driven1
out of bunyan, the plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻畫人物。
daniel defoe, robinson crusoe, the first english novel, 是一部現(xiàn)實主義小說，作品的主題是通過對主人公魯濱孫的成功刻畫，歌頌資本主義上升時期那種不畏艱難和困苦，充滿野心和冒險精神，富有百折不撓，頑強(qiáng)毅力和斗志，依靠自己的雙手改變一切、創(chuàng)造一切的自我奮斗和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of swift, his gulliver’s travels, 抨擊當(dāng)時英國的議會政治和反動的宗教勢力，通過描寫格列佛四次遇險，寫出了作者看透了當(dāng)代的腐敗，以諷刺的方法，抨擊了當(dāng)時腐敗的社會。attack the britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that tinry fielding is the father of english smith is the first american jefferson is the writer of the declaration of literature of romanticism period is from american war of independence to before the civil ing historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
transcendentalism是美國浪漫主義最高潮時期的體驗，認(rèn)為世間萬物都是平等的。
henry david thoreau is the beginner of melville, american novelist, proser and dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.詩歌鑒賞
sonnet 18
shall i compare thee to a summer's day?我能否將你比作夏天？
thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美麗溫婉。
rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,狂風(fēng)將五月的蓓蕾凋殘，and summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暫。
sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休戀那麗日當(dāng)空，and often is his gold complexion dimm'd,轉(zhuǎn)眼會云霧迷蒙。
and every fair from fair sometime declines,休嘆那百花飄零，by chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于無常的天命。
but thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫發(fā)無損。
nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也無緣將你幽禁，when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的詩中長存。
so long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世間尚有人吟誦我的詩篇，so long lives this,and this gives life to thee.這詩就將不朽，永葆你的芳顏。
全詩的基本格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格（iambic pentameter），包括三個四行組（quatrain）和一個對偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韻式，即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有時平淡或離奇，破壞意美
sonnet 29
when, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes當(dāng)我受盡命運和人們的白眼，i all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飄零，and trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干擾聾瞶的昊天,and look upon my self and curse my fate顧盼著身影，詛咒自己的生辰，wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一個一樣富于希望，featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一樣廣交游，desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求這人的淵博，那人的內(nèi)行，with what i most enjoy contented least最賞心的樂事覺得最不對頭；
yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，當(dāng)我正要這樣看輕自己，haply i think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破曉從陰霾的大地
from sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱著圣歌在天門：
for thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的愛使我那么富有，that then i scorn to change my state with kings和帝王換位我也不屑于屈就。
賞析：對社會、對自己的命運的不滿和無奈。格律是五音步抑揚(yáng)格（iambic pentameter）.韻式，即abab
cdcd efef gg。
to a waterfowl《 致 水 鳥 》
-----by william cullen bryant威廉·卡倫·布賴恩特
whither, 'midst falling dew,披著滴落的露珠，while glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空燦爛，白日的行程就要結(jié)束；
far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿過玫瑰色的遙遠(yuǎn)空際，thy solitary way?你往何方把孤單的前程追逐？
總結(jié)：as the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, i wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
vainly the fowler's eye看你遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)飛翔而無計可施，might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鳥人的眼光徒勞眷顧；
as, darkly painted on the crimson sky,滿天紅霞把你映襯，thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飄飄飛舞。
總結(jié)：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and t success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening 'st thou the plashy brink你是在尋找開闊的大河之濱，of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,還是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？
or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水沖刷的海灘，on the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔騰起伏？
? 總結(jié)：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
there is a power whose care有上蒼把你關(guān)照，teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在無路的海岸為你指路，the desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和無邊的空際，lone wandering, but not lost.你孤單的飄蕩不致迷途。
? 總結(jié)：there is a power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of may be wandering and alone, but you are not day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕動翅膀，at that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空氣稀薄暴風(fēng)寒冷，飛在高處，yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒適的大地，though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即將緊閉它的帷幕。
總結(jié)：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath soon that toil shall end,你很快就會結(jié)束這樣的勞苦，soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即將找到你夏天的住處；
and scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼喚自己的伙伴，soon o'er thy sheltered nest.蘆葦也會躬身把你的窩巢遮護(hù)。
? 總結(jié)：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your your journey will
you will descend to your summer , you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall 'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身軀全被吞沒，hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深淵里，你蹤影全無；
deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的啟迪深深留在我的心底，and shall not soon depart.我將久久地久久地把它記住。
? 總結(jié):i can no longer see you, but i will never forget the lesson you taught , who, from zone to zone,誰，從一個地方到另一個地方，guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越無限的天空作必然的飛翔，in the long way that i must tread alone,也會在我必須獨自跋涉的長途上，will lead my steps aright.正確地引導(dǎo)我的腳步。
賞析：there are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
英美文學(xué)考研篇二
英國文學(xué)知識點梳理：
sance:(from 14th century to 17th century)
definition: renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern age of drama and s:the rediscovery of ancient roman and greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion
significance: a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its m caxton—the first person who introduced printing into : originated in italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical was introduced to england by sir wyatt in the early stage of english renaissance and then further cultivated by edmund spenser and william shakespeare so as to produce respectively the spenserian stanza and
shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the successing pearian stanza: shakespearean sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行詩節(jié))with different rhymes, followed by a rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef rian stanza: invented by edmund is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑揚(yáng)格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑揚(yáng)格六音步, rhyming verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet metaphysical poetry:
?
? definition:the term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of john entatives: john donne & george herbert
technique: peculiar/metaphysical conceits(奇喻)
? general features: diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of
common imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar
conceits”.the form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with god, or with -classic period:
1)the enlightenment movement—the age of reason
definition: the enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement
throughout western europe that spans approximately one hundred years from
1680s to e: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and
artistic ideas.2)neoclassicism:(main literary form—english novels)
definition: in literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and
styles of expression of classical is generally used to describe a period in
european history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about
teristics of neoclassical literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every
genre of : lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each class
guided by its own : in heroic couplet;strictly observation of the 3
unity of time, space andaction;regularity in construction;type characters
rather than ream of literature: realism—writers described the
social ic period:(an age of poetry)
1)romanticism
english romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of
wordsworth and coleridge’s lyrical ballads and to have ended in 1832 with
sir walter scott’s death and the passage of the first reform bill in the
parliament.2)characteristics of the age
?
?
? the romantic age is emphatically an age of novelists appeared in this was during this period that women assumed, for the first time, an important place in english literature.(jane austen)the greatest historical novelists walter scott belongs to this
historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of
historical background and common people’s marked the transition
from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it. victorian period:
1)victorian literature
? the novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging
expression of progressive thought.?
? the victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with
new styles and new ways of expression.2)critical realism
?
? english critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early found its expression mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest
english critical realist of the time was charles dickens—a humorist and
satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of
? his english critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical
portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed
profound sympathy for the common people. modern period—marked by the publification of ’s the wast
land:(prevailing genre: fictions)
1)cultural background
darwin’s origin of species and social darwinism;einstein’s theory of relativity;freud’s
analytical psychology;irrational philosophers including schopenhauer, nietzsche and
bergson.2)the differences between realism and modernism:
realism: theoratical base---rational philosophyfunction of literature---educate
people and criticize social evilssubject---public, exterior worldconception of
time &space---clock time, geographic spaceforms and techniques---hero, plot
tone---optimistic
modernism: theoratical base---irrational philosophyfunction of literature---
expression of “self”subject---private, interior world
conception oftime &space---psychological time &spaceforms and techniques---
anti-hero, anti-plot
tone---pessimistic
modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of
skepticism and disillusion of major theme of modernism:
distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,man and man, and man and ry trends: expressionism, surrealism(超現(xiàn)實主義), futurism, imagism and stream
of consciousness, existentialsm.美國文學(xué)
ture of colonial period
tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,omens ,riddles and stages: traditional literature, transitional literature, modern first permanent english settlement was established at jamestown, virginia in nism :origin of puritan
doctrines:based on calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity
3)limited atonement4)theocracy
influence on american literature 1)its optimism has exerted a great influence on
american literature2)puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed
gradually into a literary symbolism
ture of colonial settlement: forms: histories, travel account, biographies,diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and teristics:1)american
colonial literature is neither real literature nor american.2)their writings served either
god or colonial expansion
literature of the revolutionary period:
age of reason: definition:a rational society is that “reforms the mind,sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by thomas
jefferson). forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,essays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets
literature of the romantic period
1)american romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in europe
in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on
the inspanidual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and
forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and factors: it is a period following american independence.(political independence,economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to n influence: romanticism emerged from england and it added impetusto the
growthof romanticism in america.2)distinct features of american romanticism
was in essence the expression of a real new experience
an puritanism served as a cultural heritage in american an new ideals were strong enough to inspire romantic spirit
imitative & independent
literature of the realistic period:
m:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic :realism flourished from the civil war to the turn of the century.es:(1)it stresses truthful treatment of material.(2)characterization is the center of the story.(3)open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material.(4)realism focuses on common characters and everyday events.(5)realism emphasizes objectivity.(6)realism presents moral literary trends:
1)local color(or local corlorism/regionalism etc.)
color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences
es: presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world;describing the exotic and the picturesque;nostalgia;showing things as they are;the influence of setting on character（environmental determinism）
2)naturalism:
ound: 1)darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection.2)socialdarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic tion: naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary
composition
es:humans are controlled by laws of heredity and universe is cold, godless, indifferent, and hostile to human literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists.(violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly l)
literature of the modernist period:
1).modernism:
cultural background: darwin’s origin of species;freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego);irrational philosophers: schopenhauer & nietzsche
modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.2)imagism:(leaders: ezra pound and amy lowell)
definition: imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of american and british poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images;they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular es: free choice of subject matter, free verse, image without interpretation or comment
influences: imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry. second lasting influence of imagism is the form of free are no metrical are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life is art of the poem.(the poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters.)
2)the lost generation:
.first used by gertrude stein, an american woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral loss or wwi destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or
returned damaged, both physically and mentally;their moral faith were no longer valid---they were “l(fā)ost.”
in the narrow sense: a group ofamerican writers, including hemingway,rald, passos, gs, sherwood anderson, and hart crane, the broad sense: the entire post wwi american young generation
main characteristics: suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.
英美文學(xué)考研篇三
《英美文學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)方法
一、找到《英美文學(xué)》的輔導(dǎo)書，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通車》等類型的漢語版輔導(dǎo)書。
二、先把漢語版輔導(dǎo)書的課文翻譯通讀，理解了全書每個章節(jié)的內(nèi)容和知識點；用漢語記錄重點；
三、第一輪復(fù)習(xí)順序：
1、先看英國文學(xué)，后看美國文學(xué)
2、按照時間順序看，每個時代都有代表性文學(xué)流派和代表作家及代表性作品
3、按照課本的章節(jié)順序，看完漢語譯文后，對照英語譯文，劃出課本上對每個時代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和評論。名詞性描述一般是填空題和選擇搭配題；評論部分是簡單題和問答題；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介紹不用看；記住某個時代某個流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及該作品的簡要介紹和評論。
4、按照章節(jié)劃出重點信息，然后整理筆記；
5、全部整理完畢之后，基本上對文學(xué)史和代表文學(xué)作品有了基本了解。
四、第二輪復(fù)習(xí)順序
1、找到歷年真題，做題的時候?qū)φ沾鸢?，尋找該答案在課文原文中的原始線索，并作好整理記錄；
2、整理理解全部真題的答案以后，對課本的重點知識就有了比較清楚的理解；
五、考前突擊復(fù)習(xí)
1、依據(jù)真題筆記和第二輪復(fù)習(xí)的筆記，對不熟悉的部分進(jìn)行重點復(fù)習(xí)。
2、根據(jù)以往考題的研究，舊題還會重新考，所以大家要關(guān)注所有做過的真題和各章節(jié)中沒有考過的但屬于代表性知識的部分，這些有可能是將要考的新題。自學(xué)考試已經(jīng)有歷史了，所以過去的真題加起來也就是全書的重點知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)，所以認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)真題并理解消化，整理幫助記憶，這對于考試制勝是最好的辦法。
*警告：千萬不要拋開課本直接做真題；
千萬不要死記硬背，而是要在理解的基礎(chǔ)上反復(fù)讀，抄寫，默記；反復(fù)整理筆記，新的筆記只記錄沒有掌握好的，直到最后的筆記成為提綱式的。
〈高級英語〉復(fù)習(xí)方法說明；
一、對照輔導(dǎo)書，精讀課文，做課后練習(xí)；
二、找來歷年考試真題，認(rèn)真做，查到答案在課本中的相關(guān)地方
三、認(rèn)真復(fù)習(xí)真題，總結(jié)知識點；錯題本，反復(fù)研究錯題
四、回到課本，從頭到尾認(rèn)真閱讀課文，全面復(fù)習(xí)重點知識點；
五、整理真題，再次復(fù)習(xí)錯題；
*高級英語上下冊32個單元，復(fù)習(xí)面積很大，所以必須早動手，狠下功夫。
祝愿大家能夠取得優(yōu)秀的成績！
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