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▲高考英語語法必考知識點:泛指與特指
泛指和特指是每年高考必考的一組概念,在英語中廣泛使用?!胺褐浮笔侵钙毡椤⒉淮_定的人或事物,而“特指”則是指具體、特定的人或事物。在實踐中,這兩個概念是可以靈活運用且相互轉(zhuǎn)換的。
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:泛指與特指
“泛指”與“特指”的多種表達
說起“泛指”,我們馬上想起不定冠詞(a/an),其實不帶冠詞的不可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞都可以表“泛指”, 有些表“不定”概念的限定詞(another, some, a few, most, enough, hundreds of, plenty of等 )也可以充當(dāng)這個作用。
例如:
I want to buy a book/some books. Books are of great use. Air is all around us.
I will stay there for a few days/another few days.
“特指”經(jīng)常由定冠詞(the)或表“特定”概念的限定詞(物主代詞,指示代詞,名詞所有格等)來充當(dāng)。假如將“中國的第二大河流”說成 “China’s the second longest river” 是不妥當(dāng)?shù)模?因為China’s 和the 在“特指”的概念上是重復(fù)的?!澳莻€門破了的教室”既可以譯成 “the classroom whose door is broken”也可以說成 “the classroom the door of which is broken”,因為 “door” 前應(yīng)該有個表“特指”的限定詞。同樣,“with one’s help/ take one’s place” 可能在另一場合會變成“with the help of/ take the place of”。
在表達“倍數(shù)”時,我們常常看到這樣一個公式:“倍數(shù) + the + 名詞(size/height/ length) + of ”。如果把它改為“倍數(shù) + 表特指的名詞/代詞”就可以更好理解的下面的句子了:
① The size of the newly broadened square is four times that of the previous one. (that=the size)
② I offer ten times the money that Antonia has borrowed. =I offer ten times what Antonia has borrowed. (what=the money that 定語從句)
③ You can’t imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.(their weight=the weight of rats)
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:泛指與特指
“泛指”轉(zhuǎn)化為“特指”
1.① I spent many happy hours with them.
② This picture reminds me of the many happy hours I spent with them.
2.① I bought a few books in the bookstore.
② The few books I bought in the bookstore are written in English .
3. ① I don’t feel like drinking water.
② I don’t feel like drinking the water from this well.
4.① Cotton played an important part in Industrial Revolution.
② The most important thing about cotton in history is the important part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
5.① I have done a little to help you.
② I hope the little that I’ve been able to do has been of some use to you.
以上的②句中的劃線部分都是由于有一個定語限定而轉(zhuǎn)化為“特指”。
另外,在一些限定詞的后面只能接泛指的名詞,如:a lot of, plenty of, dozens of, hundreds of等。然而,有些卻可以增加一個 “of”,便只能后接特指的成分:后接表“泛指”的名詞 后接表“特指”的名詞/代詞some (students) some of (the students) a good many (people) a good many of (the people) most most of (us) a dozen a dozen of (these apples) five hundred five hundred of (them)
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:泛指與特指
“特指”轉(zhuǎn)化為“泛指”
1.When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before. 當(dāng)宇宙飛船在上空運行時,一個全新的地球出現(xiàn)在我們面前,以往我們都不曾看過。
2.It is a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.(2004福建卷)
3.It’s really fun to walk alone with a full moon hanging in the sky.
4.Having been overseas for half a century, he returned and found himself in a brand-new China. 本來“the earth/ the world/ the moon/ China”都是特指的,但是,如果增加一些修飾成分之后,指不同時期、不同角度看到的或不同形狀的“地球、世界、月亮、中國”的話,它們就轉(zhuǎn)化為泛指。 5.I knew a John Lennon, but not the famous one. (2005高考山東卷) John Lennon是一個著名歌手,當(dāng)然是特指。句中的a John Lennon= another person whose name happened to be John Lennon, 是泛指。
6.① He, who led the USA through these years, was shot on April 14, 1865 at a theatre in Washington, D.C.
② He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到長城非好漢。第一個He=Abraham Lincoln,是特指,要用非限制性定語從句;第二個He= anyone,是泛指。
7.①—What new subjects are you going to have in the second grade(特指) —I’m going to learn a second foreign language.(表“又一”,泛指。)
② No one can have a higher IQ (=an IQ which is even higher) than the taller of the twin brothers.
③ The most diligent student in our class have a most(=very)interesting book.
一般情況下,在比較級、最高級、序數(shù)詞中用 “a/an”表“泛指”,用 “the”表“特指”。
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:泛指與特指
代詞的泛指和特指
one, ones, it, that, those
one用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的單數(shù)名詞,是泛指概念,相當(dāng)于a/an+單數(shù)名詞;ones用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,也是泛指概念;it用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的事物,是同名同物的替代;that用來替代前面出現(xiàn)的名詞,可以是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),也可以是不可數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于the+(單數(shù)/不可數(shù))名詞;those用來替代復(fù)數(shù)名詞,是特指概念,相當(dāng)于the+名詞復(fù)數(shù),但多用于兩者間的另外一方(一批)。
〔誤〕A bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood.
〔正〕 A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood.
〔析〕 one 替代的是前面的a bridge, 這里表示一類事物,并不特指其中的一個。
〔誤〕The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than in Beijing in summer.
〔正〕 The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing in summer.
〔析〕比較的對象是"天氣"。
〔誤〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy it.
〔正〕My pen is lost, I”ll buy one.
〔析〕it只能代替前面出現(xiàn)的事物,是特指,在此不合句意,因為你不可能買到你已丟失的那支鋼筆。one是泛指概念,在此符合句意。
none, no one,nothing
none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用來回答how many/much;no one只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用來回答who引導(dǎo)的疑問句;nothing"什么也沒有",否定一切,常用來回答what引導(dǎo)的疑問句。
〔誤〕There were 20 people around but no one helped the old man.
〔正〕 There were 20 people around but none helped the old man.
〔析〕此處應(yīng)是特指在場的人,none后面省略了of短語。
〔誤〕—What is in the box—None.
〔正〕—What is in the box—Nothing.
〔析〕nothing否定一切,回答what的提問。
▲高考英語語法必考知識點:泛指與特指
冠詞的特指和泛指
定冠詞the表特指,不定冠詞a/an表泛指
定冠詞用在名詞前,表示特指,即某個特定的人、事物等。特別是當(dāng)某名詞后面有定語限定這一名詞時,名詞前面一般都要用定冠詞the
不定冠詞a表示“一”這一概念時,意思與one相似
不定冠詞用在表示數(shù)量、時間等名詞前,表示“每一(單位)…的價格、速度、順序等”
具體情況如下:
1、泛指是指首次提到的,不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,或是指被限制性修飾語在其后加以限定意義的人或事物.也可以是指說話者雙方心目中所默認的特指的人或事物。
2、不定冠詞修飾可數(shù)名詞.其意思為“一個”;定冠詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,往往表特指.其意思相當(dāng)于“這個”,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞只要不用在抽象化的語境中,一定要加冠詞(或者加不定冠詞,或者加定冠詞)。
3、不定冠詞a(n)用于有或沒有形容詞修飾的抽象名詞、有形容詞修飾的一日二餐、季節(jié)、日期前。
4、不定冠詞a(n)用于序數(shù)詞前,表示一次,又一(如:a second language又一門外語)
5、不定冠詞a(n)表示“per”的意思。( one thousand yuan a month.
一月一千塊)
7、不定冠詞a(n)用于有g(shù)ood/great many修飾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)前(a good many times.許多次)
8、不定冠詞a(n)用于形式為復(fù)數(shù),但意義仍為單數(shù)的名詞前。(A thousand miles 一千英里)
9、不定冠詞a(n)用于一些原來是動詞的名詞前。(如:have a walk)
10、有一些抽象名詞:advice(忠告),behavior(行為),fortune(運氣),fun(娛樂),information(情報),progress(進步),damage(損害),harm(傷害)等,即使被形容詞修飾,也不加不定冠詞。
11、用在某些固定詞組中。
A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of, all of a sudden(突然), as a matter of fact(實際上), in a hurry(匆忙的), in a word(簡言之), have a good time(玩得愉快), do sb. a favour(幫忙), pay a visit to(訪問), as a rule(慣例), as a whole(總之), in a day or two(一兩天), in a way(在某種程度上), of a size(大小相同), have a word with sb.(與…交談), make a living(謀生), take a pride in(自豪), take a walk(break, bath, seat)(散步(休息、洗澡、就座)), a great deal of(大量), be a pity(遺憾), have a cold(headache, fever)(感冒(頭痛、發(fā)燒)), many a(許多), catch a cold(感冒).
12、在某些習(xí)慣用語中,用還是不用冠詞,意義不同,有時甚至差別很大,使用時要特別注意
go to sea 當(dāng)水手
go to the sea 去海邊
in future 從今以后,將來
in the future 未來
on earth 究竟
on the earth 在地球上,在世上
go to school (church…) 上學(xué)(做禮拜…)
go to the school (church…) 到學(xué)校(教堂)去
in front of 在…(外部的)前面
in the front of 在…(內(nèi)部的)前面
on horseback 騎著馬
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點:With引導(dǎo)的獨立主格
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