范文為教學(xué)中作為模范的文章，也常常用來指寫作的模板。常常用于文秘寫作的參考，也可以作為演講材料編寫前的參考。寫范文的時(shí)候需要注意什么呢？有哪些格式需要注意呢？接下來小編就給大家介紹一下優(yōu)秀的范文該怎么寫，我們一起來看一看吧。
科技英語翻譯的課程小結(jié) 科技英語翻譯網(wǎng)課慕課答案篇一
一、翻譯以下句子，注意美學(xué)藝術(shù)的處理
1)manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.譯文：制造方法可分為單件生產(chǎn)和批量生產(chǎn)，單件生產(chǎn)指小批量生產(chǎn)，批量生產(chǎn)指大量相同零件的生產(chǎn)。
2)as a result, surgeons can operate freely without the encumbrance of suits, respirators, and helmets.譯文：這樣，軍醫(yī)就可以手腳靈活地施行手術(shù)，而不必穿戴臃腫的防毒服、防毒面罩和頭盔。3)navy and army researchers have targeted diarrheal agents for combined vaccine development because in terms of morbidity and lost duty time, diarrheal diseases pose the greatest threat to deployed during regional conflicts.譯文：海軍和陸軍的研究工作者將腹瀉多聯(lián)疫苗作為疫苗研制目標(biāo)，因?yàn)榫透篂a發(fā)病率和衛(wèi)生減員日而言，它對局部沖突中向外海部署的美國軍隊(duì)構(gòu)成了最大的威脅。
4)we must find ways of detoxifying toxic products produced by industrial must find substitutes for packaging, substitutes that are must find substitutes for chemicals that destroy the ozone layer.譯文：我們必須尋找消除工業(yè)企業(yè)造成的有毒物質(zhì)的方法。我們必須尋找可以再利用的包裝替代材料。我們必須尋找破壞臭氧層的化學(xué)物質(zhì)的替代品。
5)shortly before the uninhabited space station reached orbit in may, 1973, aerodynamic pressure ripped off a meteoroid and heat shield.譯文：在1973年5月無人空間站到達(dá)軌道之前，空氣動力的壓力扯破了一個(gè)防流星體和隔熱的護(hù)罩。
6)aluminum, though much less strong than steel, can be given a strength approaching that of steel when it is alloyed with small quantities of copper, manganese and magnesium, and subjected to heat treatment processes.譯文：雖然鋁的強(qiáng)度不及鋼，但是當(dāng)鋁與少量的鋼、錳和鎂制成合金，并經(jīng)過熱處理后，其強(qiáng)度可以接近鋼。
7)while many californians dream of leaving their home state of california, clams from asia, a slug from new zealand and a jellyfish from the black sea have decided to buck the trend and take up residence in san francisco bay.譯文：正當(dāng)很多加利福尼亞人夢想著離開他們的家園時(shí)，亞洲的一些蛤類，新西蘭的一種海參，以及生長在黑海的一種水母，卻拿定主意反潮流，來到圣弗朗西斯科灣定居。8)some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibers”, and these fibers can be made into cloth.譯文：有些塑料可以通過機(jī)器將它們制成又細(xì)又長的線，這種被稱為“纖維”的線可織布。9)because of this circuitous and directional flow of waterways, railways often have an energy advantage over barges.譯文：由于河道迂回曲折且水流具有方向性，鐵路運(yùn)輸對于水運(yùn)而言，常常具有節(jié)能優(yōu)勢。10)any poorly-drained highway will heave in the spring time, under alternate freezing and thawing.譯文：排水不良的公路春季在凍結(jié)和融解的交替作用下，會變得起伏不平。
11)anyone who has ever ridden on a railroad knows how rapidly another train flashes by when it is traveling in the opposite direction and conversely how it may look almost motionless when it is
moving in the same direction.譯文：任何坐過火車的人都知道：當(dāng)一列火車從相反的方向開來時(shí)，一瞬間即飛馳而過；而當(dāng)另一列火車同向行駛時(shí)，看起來就像沒有開動一樣。
12)blue and white can be spanided into overglaze ware with decoration painted over the layer of glaze and underglaze ware with decoration painted under the layer of glaze.譯文：青花瓷器可以分為釉上彩和釉下彩，釉上彩指彩飾繪制于釉層以上，釉下彩指彩飾繪制于釉層以下。
13)the technological revolution is partially made up of infotech, which is with us now.譯文：信息技術(shù)是技術(shù)革命的一個(gè)組成部分，它現(xiàn)在已和我們息息相關(guān)。
14)“we have a hundred things to do at the beginning of the scientific experiment,” said of the ames research center.譯文：艾姆斯研究中心的懷特博士說：“在該項(xiàng)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的開始階段，我們有很多事情要做?！?15)scientists are sure that they might someday be about to create artificial intelligences that think in ways that are indistinguishable from human brain.譯文：科學(xué)家們有信心，有朝一日可能創(chuàng)造出人工智能，它們的思維方式與人腦沒有什么區(qū)別。
科技英語翻譯的課程小結(jié) 科技英語翻譯網(wǎng)課慕課答案篇二
淺談科技英語翻譯的忠實(shí)性
摘要： 隨著各國科學(xué)技術(shù)交流的不斷深化，科技英語翻譯的任務(wù)也日益艱巨。由于科技文章文體具有清晰，準(zhǔn)確，精煉，嚴(yán)密的特點(diǎn)，忠實(shí)性成為科技英語翻譯必須遵守的原則。要確保忠實(shí)性的實(shí)現(xiàn)，在翻譯過程中就應(yīng)遵循分析，轉(zhuǎn)換和重構(gòu)的“三步走戰(zhàn)略”，使譯文具有可讀性。
關(guān)鍵詞：翻譯 重視性原則 原文 譯文
翻譯有直譯和意譯之分，直譯比較傾向于保持原文的結(jié)構(gòu)成分和意義的某些隱含成分；而意譯則注重意義的準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)，如果必要，可以不顧及原文的結(jié)構(gòu)成分和意義的某些隱含成分。鑒于科技英語文體的特點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行翻譯時(shí)，采用直譯方式居多，但并不排除意譯的使用。無論是直譯還是意譯，忠實(shí)是必須遵守的原則。
早在18實(shí)際末葉，國外的著名翻譯理論家泰特勒在《翻譯的原則》一書中提出了著名的三原則;a,譯文應(yīng)完整地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容；b，譯文的風(fēng)格，筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同；c，譯文應(yīng)該像原文一樣流暢自然。他強(qiáng)調(diào)的是譯文與原文在思想，風(fēng)格，筆調(diào)，行文等方面的對等，實(shí)質(zhì)上就是“忠實(shí)性”中“一致性”的反映。這是忠實(shí)性最初也是最重要的階段。在進(jìn)行案例翻譯過程中，譯者客觀地分了原文內(nèi)容，也謹(jǐn)以科技文體要求。用中文再現(xiàn)了空氣三大污染物的來源及危害。
但是在翻譯過程中，譯者發(fā)現(xiàn)根據(jù)原文做出的譯文有多處不符合漢語使用規(guī)范。意識到翻譯的忠實(shí)性不只停留在對原文的完全對等輸出狀態(tài)。翻譯時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮譯文讀者的接受力，這樣譯文才有可讀性和可接受性。科技英語文章大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，廣泛使用被動語句，常用前置性陳述，但是漢語行文結(jié)構(gòu)中少有這樣的語法現(xiàn)象。如果按原文結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯，譯文將有些句子主語缺失，陳述對象前后不一致等弊病。因此，譯者在翻譯過程中，補(bǔ)全了原文缺失的主語，賓語，以及意義，對有些句子語序做了調(diào)整，使其更符合漢語讀者的習(xí)慣。這樣的改動是對原文更加充分的翻譯，在表達(dá)清楚原文的基礎(chǔ)上，又滿足了讀者的需求，使忠實(shí)性原則更加切合實(shí)際地體現(xiàn)了出來。
既考慮島原文，原作者，又顧及到譯文及讀者，忠實(shí)性發(fā)展到這一階段已經(jīng)基本能滿足一般的翻譯需求了。但不同的語言歸屬不同的語言，不同的文化背景，因此，翻譯作為一種跨語言，跨文化，跨社會的交際活動，具有豐富多彩的內(nèi)容。它既是一種技巧，又是一種藝術(shù)，是一種具有創(chuàng)造性和科學(xué)性的藝術(shù)。成功的翻譯作品必須與譯文所屬文化范疇相吻合，這尤其體現(xiàn)在文學(xué)翻譯作品中。但做科技英語翻譯時(shí)，同樣需要考慮這點(diǎn)。盡管案例的文化色彩不是很重，但譯者查閱了漢語中關(guān)于空氣污染物的相關(guān)文章，翻譯中采納了其中的一些定義，便于讀者接受。
綜上所述，通過思考科技英語翻譯中的忠實(shí)性原則，在做案例翻譯時(shí)，結(jié)合“三步走戰(zhàn)略“和”忠實(shí)性“的三個(gè)層面，使譯文能更好地展現(xiàn)原文，更放心地呈現(xiàn)給讀者。
參考文獻(xiàn)： 韓其順 《科技英語的特點(diǎn)和翻譯》
泰特勒：《翻譯的原則》
科技英語翻譯的課程小結(jié) 科技英語翻譯網(wǎng)課慕課答案篇三
形合和意合
1.昨天看電影我沒有買到好票。
i did not buy good seat for movie last day.2.這個(gè)車間既做來料加工，又做來樣加工。
this workshop processes raw material on client’s demand and processes according to investor’s sample as well.3.她在中國留學(xué)服務(wù)中心工作。
she works at chinese service center for scholarly exchange.4.烤煙，蘋果，羊毛和甘薯是延安的四大農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，年產(chǎn)量3.12億元，占農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的52.5%。
cured tobacco, apples, wool and sweet potatoes are the four main agricultural products in yan’an, their output values at 312 million yuan rmb, according for 5.2% of its total agricultural output values.5.可以預(yù)言，鈦材在飛機(jī)或各種飛行器上的應(yīng)用將會與日俱增，并且在其他工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用也會擴(kuò)大。it can be prophesied that titanium materials will be used increasing in aerospace and in other rise of blood pressure occurs with some other disease, it is called secondary hypertension.某種與其他疾病伴發(fā)的高血壓，稱為繼發(fā)性高血壓
of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本節(jié)內(nèi)容如有更改，均見本書末附錄。
8.一種微生物能夠破壞另一種微生物，這種現(xiàn)象最早是巴斯德發(fā)現(xiàn)的，他指出這可以用到醫(yī)療上去。
that a microganism is capable of destroying one of anther species was first discovered by pasteur, who pointed out that can be used to the therapeutic use.英漢句子中心的差異
1.他們培育出的細(xì)胞看上去像胚胎干細(xì)胞，這的確令人驚訝。
it’s truly amazing that they can produce cells that look like embryoric stem cells.2.1968年12月阿波羅8號宇宙飛船上那些想家的宇航員們在太空拍下了整個(gè)地球的彩照，此后在1970年4月很快就出現(xiàn)了第一個(gè)地球日，這絕非是歷史的偶然。
it’s no accident of history that the first earth day in april 1970 came so soon after the color photograghs of the whole earth from space were made by homesick astronauts on the apollo 8 mission to the moon december 1968.3.你們已經(jīng)取得了進(jìn)步，對此我毫不懷疑。
there has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.4.由于貴國政府的提議，才得以這樣快的重新實(shí)現(xiàn)訪問，這使我感到特別高興。
i was all the more delighted when as a result of the initiative of your government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.5.由于現(xiàn)代世界的發(fā)展和近年來在單門學(xué)科狹窄前沿上的研究進(jìn)展，出現(xiàn)一些極其復(fù)雜的難題，單憑一兩人的力量是無法對它們進(jìn)行透徹研究的。
one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world and by recent development in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline.6.這種小型熱帶魚由于具有自行修復(fù)受損和患病的眼部細(xì)胞的獨(dú)特能力，長期以來一直為科學(xué)家所關(guān)注。the tiny tropical fish has long interested scientists because of its unique ability to repair damaged and diseased cells in their own eyes.7.不努力就不會成功。
one can never succeed without making great efforts.8.想到要出國深造，他激動不已。
he felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.9.如蒙早日寄來樣品或產(chǎn)品冊，將不勝感激。
i would appreciated if samples or brochure could be soon forward to us.10.如能盡早回復(fù)，我將非常感謝。
i would appreciated it if you can reply as soon as possible.11.他本來在天津開會，會議一結(jié)束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飛機(jī)回來。
he had flown yesterday from beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in practice, the selected interval thickness is usually a compromise between the need for a thin interval to maximize the resolution and a thick interval to minimize the error.為保證最大的分辨率必須選用薄層，為使誤差最小必須選用厚層，實(shí)際上要權(quán)衡一下來選擇厚度。
13.在自然界找不到處于游離狀態(tài)的鋁，因?yàn)檫@種金屬總是和其他元素結(jié)合在一起，最普遍是跟氧結(jié)合（鋁和氧都有很強(qiáng)的親和力）。所以，鋁直到十九世紀(jì)才被人類發(fā)現(xiàn)。
aluminum remained unknown until 19th century, because no free aluminum can be found in the nature, due to the metal can connected with other elements, most commonly with oxygen for aluminum and oxygen having strong was to test the effect of mercury on the heart that the two new studies compared the mercury levels in clipping from toenails, where heavy metal tend to be deposited.重金屬通常是富集在指甲內(nèi)，于是兩項(xiàng)新的研究比較了腳趾甲剪取物中的汞水平，以此來考察對比心臟的影響。
英漢語序差異
1.人體t細(xì)胞白血病病毒：human t-cell leukemia virus 2.國際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序：a new international economic order 3.第五屆全國化學(xué)生物學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)會議：the 5th national conference on chemical biology academy of sciences：國家科學(xué)院
ew of gmp, quality system and compliance in the us：美國的gmp和質(zhì)量體系合規(guī)性概觀
side effect of the chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat cancer：治療癌癥的化療藥的一般副作用 7.這個(gè)通信衛(wèi)星可以在任何時(shí)間向任何地點(diǎn)有效的傳遞語音信號和數(shù)據(jù)信號。
the communications satellite can send voice signal and data signal to any place at anytime.8.昨天在真空中進(jìn)行了這個(gè)反應(yīng)。
the reaction is carried out in a vacuum yesterday.9.中國南京江寧區(qū)龍眠大道639號。
639 longmian avenue, jiangning district, nanjing, china the gene is activated, mice exhibit symptoms that mimic depression.基因被激活，小鼠表現(xiàn)出抑郁的癥狀。
1 temperature is between 20-25℃ in the lab no matter when it is measured.無論什么時(shí)候測量，實(shí)驗(yàn)室的溫度都保持在20-25度之間。12.無論出于固態(tài)，液態(tài)或氣態(tài)，水的化學(xué)成分都保持不變。
the chemical constituents of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous -tof-ms is a rapid and sensitive proteomic technique that has been applied to identify biomarkers in various diseases.14.由于甜椒中的親脂性成分，用極性洗脫液洗脫的甜椒樣品表現(xiàn)出更高的生物活性。
the sweet pepper samples eluted with polar eluents exerted high bioactivity due to their lipophilic component.15.該項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)則隨后成為了全球公認(rèn)的評價(jià)口服固體劑型均勻度的非藥典測量方法。
動態(tài)，靜態(tài)及名詞化
1． 地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜變化。
the rotation of earth its axis causes the change from day to night.2． 采用這種新裝置可以大大降低廢品率。
the adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.3． 為使物體克服慣性而運(yùn)動，就需要一個(gè)力。a force is needed to move an object against inertia.4． 許多學(xué)貫中西的大師的經(jīng)歷證明，學(xué)不好母語的人，也不可能真正學(xué)好外語。
the experience of many great master well versed in the learning of both chinese and western cultures have shown that without a mastery of his native language, it is impossible for one to be truly at home with a foreign language.增詞減詞 增詞
the football match, he’s got an important said he’d come to the job was sweeping, scratching, cleaning.4.i could knit when i was typewriter is indeed cheap and e of its reliability and simplicity evaporation is often applied on a large scale, normally using steam as the heat ion will make iron and steel an el nino the pressures over australia, indonesia and the philippines are higher than normal, which results in dry conditions or even droughts.re there no gravity, there would be no air around the sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely beings have not yet been able to make an element by combining protons, neutrons and is a mixture of in the universe are changing all the c bowls marked microwavable are probably safer than those that aren’ can be changed into energy and energy into earth’s population is doubling, the environment is being damaged.1 chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects.減詞
1.由于失業(yè)率增高，美元幣值下降，股票市場處于困境之中，經(jīng)濟(jì)問題將是總統(tǒng)所面臨的最嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)。with high unemployment, the low dollar and the distr stock market, the economy will be the president’s trail.2.你參加過花樣滑冰項(xiàng)目的比賽嗎？
3.陽光會破壞牛奶一類食品的維生素成分。
4.我們已經(jīng)從其他國家有計(jì)劃有選擇的進(jìn)口了一些成套的設(shè)備。5.應(yīng)探索各種途徑和手段促進(jìn)兒童語言的發(fā)展。
various channels and ways should be explored to promote the language development of children.6.這家航空公司需要加強(qiáng)改進(jìn)和完善運(yùn)行機(jī)制。
the airline company should make intensive effort to change and improve.7.回顧過去病史，未發(fā)現(xiàn)感染反復(fù)發(fā)作。
8.今年我們在引進(jìn)工作方面又取得了重大成績。9.我們積極支持生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)。
10.肯德基出了新品種的香辣雞翅。
11.抗氧化劑是某種存在于食品中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。antioxidant is a chemical in food.12.這臺較復(fù)雜的電腦又能設(shè)計(jì)出一臺更為復(fù)雜的電腦，而且還可以一代代更加復(fù)雜精密的開發(fā)，研制下去。this more complex computer could design one still more complex and soon…
句意反譯 肯定譯為否定
1． 這份說明書不夠詳盡。the specification lacks details.2． 我們不應(yīng)該再把海洋當(dāng)成人類的生活污水和工業(yè)污水的垃圾場了。we should stop treating the sea as a dump for human and industrial effluent.3． 精密儀器必須保持無塵。
precise instrument must be keep free from the dust.4． 鐵箱能使地球磁場影響不了指南針。
an iron case will keep the earth’s magnetic field away from the compass.5． 我們無權(quán)簽此合同。
it’s beyond our power to sign the contract.6． 他們公司在產(chǎn)品的包裝和宣傳上明顯比不上競爭對手。
their company is obviously inferior to their rival in product packing and are many other energy source in store.有很多能源尚未開發(fā)。
the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.高海拔處冰雪常年不化。
rubber prevents electricity from passing through it, it is used as insulating material.由于橡膠不導(dǎo)電，所以可以用作絕緣材料。
have found your terms and conditions agreeable.我們對你的章程和條款沒有異議。
否定譯為肯定
study of genetics will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.遺傳學(xué)幾乎包含了從藥學(xué)到社會學(xué)的所有學(xué)科。
advantages of nano-structured materials do no end here.納米材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)一言難盡。
recently geneticists were not interested in particular gene.基因?qū)W家最近才開始對特定基因感興趣?！痶 lose time in posting this letter.請及時(shí)送達(dá)這封信。
deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced.憑票退押金。
was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced without delay.這意味著這個(gè)設(shè)施需要按時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)。
is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.冰的密度比水小，因此能浮在水面上。
se bacteria will not die until the temperature reaches 100℃ 100℃可以殺滅細(xì)菌。
s importance can’t be stressed too strongly.它的重要性怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不為過。
don’t consider melting to be chemical changes.我們認(rèn)為熔化不改變化學(xué)成分。
1 doctor do not expect that the patient with breast cancer will recover.醫(yī)生認(rèn)為乳腺癌患者康復(fù)機(jī)率小。
could not be too careful in a new neighborhood.搬到一個(gè)新住處要越小心越好。
物稱與人稱
has priced itself out of his dish.豬肉太貴，他吃不起。
does not allow us to further analyze this problem here.限于篇幅，我們不能在此對這個(gè)問題做進(jìn)一步分析。 now optimism had given way to doubt.至此，人們不再盲目樂觀，而是疑惑重重。
hylline does not share the usual objection to vasodilators.人們通常反對使用血管擴(kuò)張劑但并不反對使用氨茶堿。 exigency of the case admitted of no alternative.情況緊急，別無選擇。
never occurred to me that she was dishonest.我從來沒想過她不老實(shí)。
was a strike participated in by five thousand workers.五千個(gè)工人參加了罷工。
8.“there is an increased level of anxiety disproportionate to the actual risk,” says jerrold bushberg, who directs programs in health physics at the university of california at davis.“it’s the dose that makes the ’s not a binary thing.”
人們的焦慮情緒日益強(qiáng)烈，但實(shí)際上人們并不需要如此擔(dān)憂，只有劑量夠大，才會把人毒死，并不是非此即彼。
resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are know.已知電壓和電流可以確定電阻。
things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.有人在此講了不該講的話
is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by moon.月亮影響潮汐規(guī)律。
12.突然間我想到了一個(gè)主意。
suddenly i got an idea./suddenly an idea struck me.13.不同的人對食物持不同的態(tài)度。
different people have different attitude towards food./attitudes toward food vary from person to person.14.人們一致認(rèn)為植物病毒不會感染動物，反之亦然。
it has always been assumed that plant virus cannot infect animals and vice started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22000-student university of michigan in nearby ann arbor, where the chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria inn for lunch and later played an exhibition match.中國乒乓球隊(duì)在星期五早上參觀了坐落于安娜堡附近，擁有2200名學(xué)生的密歇根大學(xué)的現(xiàn)代化校園，并在學(xué)校自助餐廳與學(xué)生一起進(jìn)餐，然后進(jìn)行了一場表演賽。
has been a striking continuous, but unexplained decline in the reported death rate of gastric carcinoma in the united states from 34 per 1,000,000 population in 1930 to 8 per 100,000 currently.據(jù)報(bào)道，美國的胃癌死亡率一直在明顯地持續(xù)下降，從1930年的0.034%到目前的0.008%，但原因不明。 journey from embryonated egg to the ligase chain reaction has embraced an enormous amount of work involving tissue cell culture ,enzyme immunoassay, fluorescence ,and molecular techniques.從最早的雞胚（中分離得到衣原體）發(fā)展到用連接酶鏈鎖反應(yīng)（診斷衣原體感染），醫(yī)學(xué)專家們進(jìn)行了組織細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)、酶免疫測定、熒光反應(yīng)和分子技術(shù)等大量工作。
被動語態(tài)
o has been used to treat malaria in china for over 2000 years.在中國使用青蒿治療瘧疾已經(jīng)有2000多年歷史了。re problems must be solved before the tests start.考試開始之前必須解決這些問題。
may be treated with drugs, physical measures or surgery.藥物，物理治療，外科手術(shù)可以治療疼痛。
patient is questioned by a doctor about his present complaint and the date of the onset of the disease.醫(yī)生詢問病人現(xiàn)在的情況以及疾病開始的時(shí)間。
l elements and compounds may be extracted directly from seawater.一些元素和化合物可以從海水中直接提取出來。
a current is flowing through a wire, the latter is being heated.電線有電流通過后會發(fā)熱。
magnetic field are know to come from the human body.已知人體會產(chǎn)生一定的微弱的磁場。
resistance must be given careful consideration when the missile is to be designed.導(dǎo)彈設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)要特別注意空氣阻力問題。
is claimed that soap powders polluted the water we drink.有人聲稱肥皂粉污染了我們的飲用水源。10.心臟往往被看作是人體最重要的器官。
the heart is often regarded as the most important human organ.11.雄性wistar大鼠20只隨機(jī)分成對照組和糖尿病組。male wistar rats were spanided into two groups randomly :control group and diabetes group.12.本文以前沒有發(fā)表過，目前也沒有考慮投寄其他雜志發(fā)表。
this paper has not been previously published, also not been considered in other journal at ation is normally carried out by the a, b, or c family polymerases with high fidelity and high processivity.復(fù)制過程通常是由具有高保真性和高持續(xù)合成性的聚合酶家族a，b或c實(shí)施的。
conflict between the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents against resistance bacteria in clinic and less development of new antibiotics should be resolved by the cooperations among enterprises , government and institutions.企業(yè)、政府和科研機(jī)構(gòu)之間的合作將是解決臨床對于治療耐藥菌感染的新型藥物的迫切需求與抗菌藥研發(fā)處于低谷之間矛盾的方法。or耐藥菌感染治療急需新型抗菌藥物，而抗菌藥物的研究開發(fā)處于相對低谷,由此所產(chǎn)生的矛盾應(yīng)該由企業(yè)、政府與科研機(jī)構(gòu)合作解決。
gh an association between migraine and chest pain has been described, an association between migraine and coronary events has not been firmly established.雖然先前已有過關(guān)于偏頭痛和胸痛之間關(guān)聯(lián)的描述，但是偏頭痛和冠心病之間的關(guān)聯(lián)尚未確立。
漢語無主語句的英譯
1.弄不好，就會前功盡棄。
if things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.2.要了解中國，可以有很多視角。
there are different angles to approach china.3.學(xué)習(xí)先進(jìn)，才有可能趕超先進(jìn)。
only by learning from the advances is it possible for one to catch up with and surpass them.4.與其說海洋把陸地分開，不如說海洋把陸地連在一起。the ocean do not so much spanide the world as unite it.5.從他家到公園很近。
it is only a stone’s throw from his house to the park.6.我的家鄉(xiāng)冬天很少下雪。it seldom snows in my hometown.7.可以采用各種方法使溫度下降。
we can take all sorts of measures to bring the temperature s methods can be adopted to keep the temperature down.8.首先要保證產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。
the quality of the products must be guaranteed.9.操縱這些機(jī)器時(shí)必須小心。
be careful when operating these machines.10.要著力解決經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展中的突出矛盾。
efforts must be made to resolve the prominent conflicts in economic and social development.11.使用電子顯微鏡，能獲得大得多的放大倍數(shù)。
much greater magnification can be obtained when electronic microscope is used.12.該項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中肯定困難很多。
there must be many difficulties in the experiment.13.沒有順利，無所謂困難；沒有困難，也無所謂順利。without facility, there would be no difficulty, and vice versa.14.對母語是英語的人來說，根本不可能4個(gè)星期就學(xué)會漢語。
it is impossible for native english speakers to master chinese in just four weeks.15.已經(jīng)決定幾個(gè)月后進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。
it has been decided that production should begin in a few months.16.建議采用中國生產(chǎn)的設(shè)備。
it is suggested that the equipment made in china be adopted.17.隨信附上我們新開發(fā)產(chǎn)品的樣品。
enclosed are samples of our newly developed products.定語從句
and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科學(xué)家們努力探索的新領(lǐng)域。
is a condition in which the body temperature is higher than normal.發(fā)燒是提問高于正常的情況。
ial hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.原因不明的高血壓成為原發(fā)性高血壓。
chemicals that make metabolism possible come from the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat.使新陳代謝成為可能的化學(xué)物質(zhì)來自我們呼吸的空氣、所飲的水和所吃的食物。
body consists of a large number of organs, each of which has its own particular function to perform.人體由大量器官構(gòu)成，每種器官都有特殊的功能。
en is stored in the liver, which is released as needed in the form of glucose.糖原儲存于肝，需要時(shí)以葡萄糖的形式釋放出。
ion can be performed with acupuncture analgesia, which is a great contribution to the development of medical science.手術(shù)可用針刺痛法進(jìn)行，這對醫(yī)學(xué)的發(fā)展是一大貢獻(xiàn)。
blood flows from the small arteries into the capillaries in which it gives up oxygen to the body cells and removes wastes from the tissues.血流由小動脈流入血管，在毛細(xì)血管血液把氧釋放給身體的細(xì)胞并從組織中排除廢物。
know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.我們知道由于貓的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光線，所以可以在夜間看的清楚。 disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.此病可發(fā)生于任何年齡，但以年輕的成年人常見。
should be suspected in persons who have any of these symptoms and signs for unaccountable causes and for an unreasonable period of time.如果病人具有任何這些癥狀和體征，病因又難以說明，而且持續(xù)時(shí)間長，就應(yīng)懷疑癌癥。
world countries export their mineral deposit and tropical agriculture products, which bring them desired foreign exchange.第三世界國家出口礦物和熱帶農(nóng)作物以換取所需的外匯。 purpose for which electricity is used is numerous.電的用途是很多的。
ately, there are some chemical fuels that are clean and smokeless.幸好，有些化學(xué)燃料是潔凈無煙的。
英語長句
was believed that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother, the growing embryo becomes fixed on the sound of the heart beat;if this is so, then the discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been thrust into a strange and frightening new world outside.據(jù)說，在母體發(fā)育期間，胎兒的注意力可能會集中于心跳的節(jié)律；如果是這樣，那么外界相似的聲音可能會對出生后的嬰兒產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜作用，特別是剛來到這陌生又可怕的新世界的嬰兒。
s show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition , and that informing them risking destroying their hope , so that they may recover more slowly , or deteriorate faster , perhaps even commit suicide.研究表明，大多數(shù)醫(yī)生深信重病患者并不想知道他們的真實(shí)病情，冒著會毀滅他們希望的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)告知他們事實(shí)，會使他們恢復(fù)得更慢，或者會加速惡化，甚至導(dǎo)致自殺。
had cleared up those confusions which arose from different medicines that had been given a same name and different names that had been given to the same substance.同名不同藥，同藥不同名，由此造成的混淆，他都一一予以澄清。
was to test the effects of mercury on the heart that two new studies compared the mercury levels in clippings from toenails,(where heavy metals tend to be deposited).因?yàn)橹亟饘偃菀自谀_趾甲富集，為了測試汞對心臟的影響，所以兩項(xiàng)新的研究比對了從腳趾甲上剪下的碎片中的汞水平。
should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? 比如說一個(gè)46歲的男子----在與家人外出度假之前進(jìn)行常規(guī)身體檢查---盡管他自己感覺很好，但醫(yī)生發(fā)現(xiàn)他患有某種癌癥，6個(gè)月內(nèi)會死亡，這時(shí)醫(yī)生該怎么對他講呢？
is no more difference, but there is the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person ,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales , and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.科學(xué)家的思維活動和普通人的思維活動之間存在著差別。這種差別就跟面包師或賣肉的人與化學(xué)家在操作方法上的差別一樣——前者用普通的秤稱商品的重量，后者則用天平和精密的砝碼進(jìn)行艱難復(fù)雜的定量分析。其差別不過如此而已。
hope of “early discovery” of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by spanerse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.肺癌早期發(fā)現(xiàn)，隨后進(jìn)行外科治療，這可能是目前最有效的治療辦法，但這個(gè)希望由于肺癌生長速度和方向等生物學(xué)特征不相同而破滅。
the periods the snakes’ saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own, was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.在演化的過程中，蛇的唾液——一種溫和、助消化的像人類唾液一樣的液體——變成了甚至在今天也難以分析的毒液。
scientists hope stem cells can be used to grow a range of tissues, from brain tissue to treat diseases such as parkinson’s, in which brain cells are destroyed, to juvenile diabetes, in which key cells in the pancreas die off.但科學(xué)家希望干細(xì)胞能用來分化成一系列組織，如從腦組織到胰腺組織，用于治療由于腦細(xì)胞被破壞引起的疾病如帕金森病以及由胰腺關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞死亡引起的青少年糖尿病。
科技英語翻譯的課程小結(jié) 科技英語翻譯網(wǎng)課慕課答案篇四
寧波工程學(xué)院簡介
（ningbo university of technology in profile）
寧波工程學(xué)院是一所由寧波市政府舉辦的全日制普通本科院校，前身寧波高等?？茖W(xué)校創(chuàng)建于1983年5月。2004年5月升格更名為寧波工程學(xué)院。學(xué)校分東、西兩個(gè)校區(qū)，占地面積1400多畝（西校區(qū)（翠柏路）300畝；東校區(qū)（風(fēng)華路）規(guī)劃1100多畝，其中已建成約400畝），校舍建筑面積30萬平方米?，F(xiàn)有11個(gè)二級學(xué)院，27個(gè)本科專業(yè)。有教職工825人，在校全日制學(xué)生9429人。ningbo university of technology is a full-time regular undergraduate program university which financed by ningbo municipal government,it was founded in may,1983 as ningbo polytechnic college which was upgraded and redesignated in may,2004.(east campus and west campus with total area of 1400mu and building area of 0.3 million square,the west camps at 208cuibai road ,the 400mu east camps at the fenghua road to be is constituted of 11schoolos ,27 undergraduate-programs, registering a staff of 825,full-time admission of 9429.學(xué)校綜合辦學(xué)條件良好，基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施齊備?，F(xiàn)有教學(xué)儀器設(shè)備總值8989萬元，館藏圖書117萬余冊。目前學(xué)校專任教師511人，其中有碩士以上學(xué)位者297人，占58%，博士67人，占13%；副教授129人，教授56人，副高以上占36%，師資隊(duì)伍建設(shè)呈現(xiàn)良好發(fā)展態(tài)勢。
nbut is well-equipped,in the value of 89890000rmb and a library of
1.17million university registers a faculty of 511,of whom 297 have obtained master degrees and over 67 doctor degrees,(58% and 13% of the total respectively),and whom 129 associate professors and 56 professors(36% of the total respectively),the construction of teaching resource shows a favorable development trend.學(xué)校以學(xué)科建設(shè)為龍頭，以市場需求為導(dǎo)向，精心設(shè)置專業(yè)，堅(jiān)持工科為主，多學(xué)科協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。學(xué)校不斷提高專業(yè)建設(shè)水平，辦好優(yōu)勢專業(yè)，扶植特色專業(yè)，全面實(shí)施“321教學(xué)質(zhì)量工程”。現(xiàn)有省級重點(diǎn)學(xué)科1個(gè)，重點(diǎn)專業(yè)2個(gè)，精品課程5門，省級示范基礎(chǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
directed to the discipline building and market demand ,nbut attaches prime importance to program configuration with the focus upon engineering courses in cooperation with “321 teaching quality project” is underway,in support of advantaged and tly rated at provincial level is a parcel of fruits,a key note program,two key note major programs and five excellent courses,model basis laboratory.學(xué)校加強(qiáng)科研基地和隊(duì)伍建設(shè)，大力開展應(yīng)用性科技研究和發(fā)展，現(xiàn)有科研機(jī)構(gòu)十余個(gè)2008年已獲國家級項(xiàng)目5項(xiàng)，省級項(xiàng)目14項(xiàng)；發(fā)表論文282篇，其中三大檢索論文48篇，cssci來源期刊論文14篇；實(shí)現(xiàn)專利轉(zhuǎn)讓2項(xiàng)。學(xué)校積極推進(jìn)產(chǎn)學(xué)研結(jié)合，科研成果的應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)化成效良好。
nbut provides an impetus to the growth of research basis under personal,in view of applied r&ble on the campuses are over ten research 2009 saw the research proceeds in the amount of over 40million rmb,three state natural science fund,5 pnsf projects ,the publication of 282 theses,of which 56 are retrieved into sci,ei and istp,and 14 into cssci,along with the transfer of two patents.2008年，為進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)學(xué)校與地方政府、企業(yè)以及高等院校、科研院所之間的聯(lián)系與合作，啟動了“雙合作”工作，初見成效。與鎮(zhèn)海區(qū)簽訂了全面科技合作協(xié)議；與中國社會科學(xué)院合作共建國際港口與物流研究中心；與中國科學(xué)院寧波材料技術(shù)與工程研究所共建專業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室。
the double coo-program/scheme was launched in 2008 to keep in close contact with the local government and the above-mentioned ents were signed covering all round science and technology cooperation with zhenhai district, the jointly-built international sea-ports and logistics research-canteen with china of society science, the jointly-built specialized lib with ningbo medical technology and engineering institute under china of science.學(xué)校以應(yīng)用開發(fā)型高級技術(shù)人才為培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，積極探索“知行合一，雙核協(xié)同”的人才培養(yǎng)模式。學(xué)校注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的實(shí)踐能力，組織參加省級以上專業(yè)競賽，屢獲佳績。畢業(yè)生深受地方用人單位的歡迎，初次就業(yè)率一直保持在95%以上。
aimed to cultivating the advanced technical talents in applied r&d,nbut is seeking after about the educational mode of knowledge and practice in “oneness” and “double-kernel link” students are encouraged to take part in the specialized competition at province level with outstanding tes are welcome to local first employment rate is kept over than 95%.學(xué)校廣泛開展對外合作，借鑒國外先進(jìn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，強(qiáng)化外向型辦學(xué)特色。1984年即與亞琛應(yīng)用科技大學(xué)結(jié)對，是全國四所中德合作研究院校之一。先后與澳大利亞、德國等多國的大學(xué)建立校際合作關(guān)系并開展合作辦學(xué)、師生交流和合作研究。學(xué)校設(shè)有寧高出國留學(xué)服務(wù)中心。
nbut extensive corporation with the foreign university is early as 1984,nbut set up the sister relations with aachen applied te-university ranked among colleges in china for sino-german join educational ral have been earlier or later established with a dozen of universities australia、german and some other countries in regular of the degree program, exchanges of teacher and students , joint research o-s-s is attached nbut.學(xué)校全方位、多層次構(gòu)建高格調(diào)、高水平、高質(zhì)量的校園文化，著力塑造“知行合一”的辦學(xué)理念，積極發(fā)揮環(huán)境育人的功能，努力營造特色鮮明、文明和諧、健康向上的校園文化氛圍，全面提高學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)。
due efforts are distributed to the educational mode” knowledge and practice in oneness,double-kernel link” in the hope of achieving a lofty advanced and harmonious campus culture and training the well-developed students.
科技英語翻譯的課程小結(jié) 科技英語翻譯網(wǎng)課慕課答案篇五
科技英語翻譯課程學(xué)習(xí)心得
英語翻譯，是具有邏輯思維、科學(xué)理論和藝術(shù)色彩三者集中亮相的一種語言學(xué)問。但是，在學(xué)習(xí)《科技英語翻譯》之前，我對翻譯的看法卻不是這樣認(rèn)為的，對它的態(tài)度卻是那么的不恭，那么的不敬，只認(rèn)為它是語言的奴隸，是一種枯燥乏味的、低俗的賺錢工具，根本談不上“學(xué)問”這一個(gè)崇高的詞語，更是談不上它具有科學(xué)理論、藝術(shù)色彩、邏輯思維這些完美的名詞?，F(xiàn)在，在我的腦海中，翻譯不再是語言的奴隸，而是語言的靈魂。語言是人與人之間交流的重要工具，如果沒有了翻譯，那么人與人之間的交流在很大程度上就會受到阻礙，世界的文化交流歷史將要重新編寫。
在學(xué)習(xí)《科技英語翻譯》之前，每當(dāng)翻譯句子時(shí)，我并沒有考慮到譯文的邏輯性以及通順性，直接按照原文的單詞順序非常死板地翻譯成譯文，使譯文讀起來非常生硬，不通順，不僅大大改變了原文的韻味，而且大大降低了譯文的可讀性。
接下來就說說對這門課的體會了。
通過對這門課的學(xué)習(xí)，我對科技英語有了一些了解，不再像沒上過這門課之前一樣一頭霧水。科技英語(english for science and technology ,簡稱est)是在自然科學(xué)和工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域使用的一種英語文體，是隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展而逐漸形成的，科技英語是客觀存在的。隨著國際學(xué)術(shù)交流的日益廣泛,科技英語已經(jīng)受到普遍的重視,掌握科技英語的翻譯技巧是非常必要的。
從構(gòu)成語言的語音,詞匯和語法這三大要素上看，科技英語和普通英語本質(zhì)上是一致的。在語音上，est使用的仍是普通英語的語音系統(tǒng)，其讀音規(guī)則和發(fā)音方法并無絲毫變化；在詞匯上，一方面，est中雖然有大量專業(yè)技術(shù)詞匯和術(shù)語，但其基本詞匯都是普通英語中所固有的，另一方面，來源于普通詞匯的專業(yè)詞匯仍能看出與普通詞匯的聯(lián)系；在語法上，est雖然有明顯的特點(diǎn)，如大量使用被動語態(tài)，非謂語動詞，名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)和從句等，但仍未擺脫普通英語的語法規(guī)則，并無獨(dú)立的語法。
現(xiàn)在，科技英語正朝著新詞語大量增加，名詞性前置定語越來越多，句子結(jié)構(gòu)越來越簡化，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的使用日趨靈活的方向發(fā)展，這一發(fā)展趨勢給我們的英語水平提了一個(gè)更高的要求。所以，想要學(xué)好科技英語翻譯這一門課，必須提高我們自身的英語水平。
作為一種重要的英語文體,科技英語與非科技英語文體相比,具有詞義多、長句多、被動句多、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多、非謂語動詞多、專業(yè)性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),這些特點(diǎn)都是由科技文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容所決定的。因此,科技英語的翻譯也有別于其他英語文體的翻譯。
通過對這門課的學(xué)習(xí)，我也學(xué)到了一些翻譯技巧：
轉(zhuǎn)譯法：指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標(biāo)語的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動詞；把動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面，把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語；把謂語變成主語、定語、表語；把定語變成狀語、主語；把賓語變成主語。在句型方面，把并列句變成復(fù)合句，把復(fù)合句變成并列句，把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面，可以把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。
增譯法：指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時(shí)增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時(shí)候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補(bǔ)出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時(shí)，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時(shí)又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)常常需要增補(bǔ)連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時(shí)還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊?，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。
減譯法：這是與增譯法相對應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標(biāo)語思維習(xí)慣、語言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。
重復(fù)法：指在譯文中重復(fù)原句中的關(guān)鍵性的詞，以期達(dá)到兩個(gè)目的：一是清楚；二是強(qiáng)調(diào)。從而使譯文有力、生動。
倒譯法：在翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，將原文的語序進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)那昂笳{(diào)整，叫做倒置法，也叫做倒譯法。（按原語序翻譯的方法，叫做順譯法。）等15種翻譯方法。
翻譯不是精通一門外語，借助于詞典和工具書就能為之的事，缺少對原語文化的深入研究，是很難保證翻譯的水平和質(zhì)量，而且是一種枯燥乏味的語言翻譯。翻譯要熟悉兩種語言，悟出語言所具有的無比威力，還要透過語言所傳達(dá)的信息，了解其背后的文化和精神，從而體會到兩種語言文化的差異。語言不僅僅是信息的載體，還是文化的載體。在翻譯時(shí)，我們必須考慮譯文的邏輯性和通順性，最起碼使譯文讀起來不會出現(xiàn)拗口以及很亂的感覺。在翻譯之前，必須仔細(xì)地推敲原語言，把原文的每一個(gè)單詞都弄懂，然后再運(yùn)用譯文的邏輯性把這些已經(jīng)翻譯成譯文的單詞組合在一起，最后理清一下句子的通順性，經(jīng)過了這一番程序過程之后，一句很通順的句子就這樣精彩地誕生了。句子通順暢達(dá)，讀者讀起來朗朗上口，這才體現(xiàn)出翻譯的魅力以及美麗。
總而言之，通過對這門課的學(xué)習(xí)，我獲益良多。
在這里非常感謝任朝迎老師的諄諄教導(dǎo)。謝謝。
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