2017年高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語

2016/09/29 09:31:55文/網(wǎng)編3

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▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語

引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話,兩邊用引號“ ”標(biāo)出,叫做直接引語;用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話,不需要引號的叫做間接引語,實(shí)際上間接引語大都是賓語從句(其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外,其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式)。那么直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句,轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí),句子的結(jié)構(gòu),人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等都要有變化,如何變化呢

直接引語:當(dāng)我們引用別人的話語時(shí),若引用的是原話,被引用的部分叫直接引語。

間接引語:當(dāng)我們引用別人的話語時(shí),也可以用自己的話把意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來,這種轉(zhuǎn)述的別人說話的部分叫做間接引語。

典型例句:

She said,”I like English very much.“(直接引語)

(她說:“我非常喜歡英語”。)

She said she liked English very much.(間接引語)

(她說她非常喜歡英語。)

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變

1)直接引語中的第一人稱,一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱,如:

He said,“I am very sorry.”

——>He said that he was very sorry.

2)直接引語中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的,轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱,如:

“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.

——>My father told me that I should be more careful next time.

3)直接引語中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對第三人稱說的,轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如:

She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”

——>She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4)人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、反身代詞、物主代詞等,如:

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon”

——>He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

總之,人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的,具體情況,具體對待,要符合邏輯。

5) 為了方便記憶 有個(gè)口訣:一隨主,二隨賓,第三人稱不更新。

另有:一隨主,二隨賓,三不變。指的都是從句(間接引語)人稱的變化。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語時(shí)態(tài)的變化

直接引語改為間接引語時(shí),主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí),從句(即間接引語部分)的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化,變成過去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)(實(shí)際也是賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求),指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和動(dòng)詞的變化:

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換:


▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語的例句

例如:

“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.

——>She said she was very glad to visit our school.

“我能參觀你的學(xué)校非常高興?!八f。

——>她說她很高興參觀我們的學(xué)校。

Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”

——>Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

湯姆說,“我們正在聽流行音樂?!?/p>

——>湯姆說他們正在聽流行音樂。

Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV”

——>Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

媽媽問,“你在你看電視之前完成你的家庭作業(yè)嗎“

——>母親問我是否在我看電視之前完成我的作業(yè)。

He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus”

——>He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

他問售票員,“我應(yīng)該在哪兒下車換乘3路公共汽車“

——>他問售票員,他應(yīng)該在哪兒下車換乘3路公共汽車。

“Why did she refuse to go there” the teacher asked.

——>The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

“她為什么拒絕去那里“老師問。

——>老師問她為什么拒絕去那里。

Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”

——>Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

湯姆說,“我們昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行一場足球比賽?!?/p>

——>湯姆說他們前一天正在進(jìn)行一場足球比賽的。

He said,“I haven't heard from my parents these days.”

——>He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.

他說,“這些天我沒有收到我父母的來信?!?/p>

——>他說這些天他沒有收到我父母的來信。

She said, "He always feels tired."

→She said (that) he always feels tired.

她說,“他總是感到累?!?/p>

她說他總是覺得累。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語的例句

直接引語變成間接引語時(shí),從句時(shí)態(tài)無須改變的情況:

1)當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候,如:

He always says, “I am tired out.”

——>He always says that he is tired out.

2)當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候,如:

He will say, “I'll try my best to help you.”

——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3)當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí),如:

He said, “I went to college in 1994.”

——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4)當(dāng)直接引語中有以when, while引導(dǎo)的從句,表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí),如:

He said,“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”

——>

He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5)當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí),如:

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”

——>Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6)當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時(shí),如:

He said,“Practice makes perfect.”

——>He said that practice makes perfect.

7)當(dāng)直接引語中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used t-o, need時(shí),如:

例如:

The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.”

——>The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “She must be a teacher.”

——> He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”

——>He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”

——>The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.

She asked, “Must I take the medicine”

——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.

〔注〕:此處用had to代替must更好

8)此外轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定,不能機(jī)械照搬,如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here不必改為there, 動(dòng)詞come不必改為go,如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改變。如:

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語的例句

地點(diǎn)狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞變化:

1)指示代詞:these 變成those

2)地點(diǎn)狀語:here變成there

She said, “I won't come here any more.”

——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..

3)動(dòng)詞:come變成go,bring變成take

5、直接引語變成間接引語,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化

1)陳述句。用連詞that引導(dǎo),that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可直接用引語中的said, 也可用told來代替,注意,可以說said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that,不可直接說told that, 如:

He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”

——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”

——>He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.(不可說told that)

此外主句中的謂語還常有:

repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等,又如:

He said,“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of t-he heavy traffic.

如果間接引語是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句,第一個(gè)連詞可以省略,以后的連詞一般不省略,以免混亂。

The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>

The doctor said(that)I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2)直接引語為一般疑問句,(也稱是否疑問句,)間接引語用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo),原主句中謂語動(dòng)詞sai-d要改為asked(me/him/us等),語序是陳述句的語序,這一點(diǎn)非常重要。

He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation”

——>He asked(me)whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you”

——>He asked whether I was interested in English.

3) 直接引語為選擇疑問句,間接引語用whether…or…表達(dá),而不用if…or…,也不用either…or…. 如:

He asked, “Do you speak English or French”

——>He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

I asked, “Will you take bus or take train”

——>I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4)直接引語為特殊疑問句,改成間接引語時(shí),原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞,主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用ask(sb.)來表達(dá),語序改為陳述句語序。如:

He asked,“What's your name”

——> He asked(me)what my name was.

He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country”

——>He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5)直接引語為祈使句時(shí),改為間接引語,用帶to的不定式表達(dá),謂語動(dòng)詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, orde-r, request等。如ask sb. to do,(由肯定祈使句變成)ask sb. not to do(由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變),并且在不定式短語中的時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如:

He said,“Be seated, please.”

——> He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.

——>He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.

——>The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.

“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said.

——>The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

6)有些含有“建議”、“勸告”的祈使句,可用suggest, insist, offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述,如:

He said, “Let's have a rest.”

——> He suggested us having a rest.

He said, “Let me help you.”

——> He offered to help me.

7)當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句,有表示請求,建議意義時(shí),可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise s-b. to do sth. 等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如:

“Would you mind opening the door” he asked.

——>He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk” he asked us.

——>He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.

8)直接引語是感嘆句時(shí),變間接引語可用what或how引導(dǎo),也可用that引導(dǎo),如:

She said, “What a lovely day it is!”

——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lov-ely day.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語的例句

嵌套間接引語的從句:

如果間接引語當(dāng)中還鑲嵌有另一句從句,則被稱為嵌套間接引語的從句,英文叫:the subordinate clause i-n indirect statement。這時(shí),這樣的從句要使用虛擬語氣。從句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與主句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)聯(lián)。如:

Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 統(tǒng)帥曾常說,那個(gè)逃跑的士兵將要受到懲罰。

qui fugisset[逃跑] 是一句關(guān)系從句,修飾militem “士兵”,由于處在dicebat [說]后面的間接引語當(dāng)中,因此需使用虛擬語氣。間接引語的動(dòng)詞是不定式 daturum esse[將受到],為將來時(shí),因?yàn)閯?dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞“說”之后,而 fugisset [逃跑]為虛擬語氣的過去完成時(shí),表示在統(tǒng)帥“說話”之前已經(jīng)逃走了

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):間接引語中句型的轉(zhuǎn)換

①直接引語如果是陳述句,間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如:

She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."

→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

②直接引語如果是反意疑問句,選擇疑問句或一般疑問句,間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如:He said, "Can you swim, John"

→He asked John if he could swim.

"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you" my mother asked.

→My mother asked me whether I ha-d finished the homework.

"Do you go to school by bus or by bike"

→He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引語如果是特殊問句,間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(賓語從句必須用陳述句語序)。

She asked me, "When do they have their dinner"

→ She asked me when they had their dinner.

④直接引語如果是祈使句,間接引語應(yīng)改為"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如:

"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children.

→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noi-se. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.

→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

⑤直接引語如果是以“Let‘s”開頭的祈使句,變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),通常用“suggest +動(dòng)名詞(或從句)?!比纾?/p>

He said, "Let’s go to the film."

→He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to s-ee the film.

引述別人的話有兩種方式:一是使用引號引出人家的原話,這叫做直接引語;一是用自己的話把人家的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來,這叫做間接引語。例如:

John said, "I’m going to London with my father."

約翰說:"我要和父親到倫敦去。"(引號內(nèi)是直接引語)

John said that he was going to London with his father.

約翰說,他要和他父親去倫敦。(賓語從句是間接引語)

推薦閱讀:

2017年高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài)
2017年高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語態(tài)
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