2017年高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語

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▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語

引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語”。直接引用別人的原話，兩邊用引號“ ”標(biāo)出，叫做直接引語；用自己的語言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號的叫做間接引語，實(shí)際上間接引語大都是賓語從句（其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不定式）。那么直接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí)，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語等都要有變化，如何變化呢

直接引語：當(dāng)我們引用別人的話語時(shí)，若引用的是原話，被引用的部分叫直接引語。

間接引語：當(dāng)我們引用別人的話語時(shí)，也可以用自己的話把意思轉(zhuǎn)述出來，這種轉(zhuǎn)述的別人說話的部分叫做間接引語。

典型例句：

She said,”I like English very much.“（直接引語）

（她說：“我非常喜歡英語”。）

She said she liked English very much.（間接引語）

（她說她非常喜歡英語。）

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變

1）直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱，如：

He said，“I am very sorry.”

——>He said that he was very sorry.

2）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的,轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱，如：

“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me.

——>My father told me that I should be more careful next time.

3）直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱說的，轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。如：

She said to her son, “I'll check your homework tonight.”

——>She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

4）人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、反身代詞、物主代詞等，如：

He asked me, “Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon”

——>He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對待，要符合邏輯。

5) 為了方便記憶 有個(gè)口訣：一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新。

另有：一隨主，二隨賓，三不變。指的都是從句（間接引語）人稱的變化。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語時(shí)態(tài)的變化

直接引語改為間接引語時(shí)，主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí)，從句（即間接引語部分）的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變成過去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)（實(shí)際也是賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求），指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和動(dòng)詞的變化：

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換：

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語的例句

例如：

“I am very glad to visit your school”, she said.

——>She said she was very glad to visit our school.

“我能參觀你的學(xué)校非常高興?！八f。

——>她說她很高興參觀我們的學(xué)校。

Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.”

——>Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

湯姆說，“我們正在聽流行音樂?！?/p>

——>湯姆說他們正在聽流行音樂。

Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV”

——>Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

媽媽問，“你在你看電視之前完成你的家庭作業(yè)嗎“

——>母親問我是否在我看電視之前完成我的作業(yè)。

He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus”

——>He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

他問售票員，“我應(yīng)該在哪兒下車換乘3路公共汽車“

——>他問售票員，他應(yīng)該在哪兒下車換乘3路公共汽車。

“Why did she refuse to go there” the teacher asked.

——>The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

“她為什么拒絕去那里“老師問。

——>老師問她為什么拒絕去那里。

Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday.”

——>Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

湯姆說，“我們昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候正在進(jìn)行一場足球比賽?！?/p>

——>湯姆說他們前一天正在進(jìn)行一場足球比賽的。

He said，“I haven't heard from my parents these days.”

——>He said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.

他說，“這些天我沒有收到我父母的來信?！?/p>

——>他說這些天他沒有收到我父母的來信。

She said, "He always feels tired."

→She said (that) he always feels tired.

她說，“他總是感到累?！?/p>

她說他總是覺得累。

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語的例句

直接引語變成間接引語時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)無須改變的情況：

1）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：

He always says, “I am tired out.”

——>He always says that he is tired out.

2）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是將來時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：

He will say, “I'll try my best to help you.”

——>He will say that he will try his best to help me.

3）當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，如：

He said, “I went to college in 1994.”

——>He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4）當(dāng)直接引語中有以when, while引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)，如：

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.”

——>

He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5）當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，如：

Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.”

——>Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

6）當(dāng)引語是諺語、格言時(shí)，如：

He said，“Practice makes perfect.”

——>He said that practice makes perfect.

7）當(dāng)直接引語中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used t-o, need時(shí)，如：

例如：

The doctor said, “You'd better drink plenty of water.”

——>The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “She must be a teacher.”

——> He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “She ought to have arrived her office by now.”

——>He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

The teacher said, “You needn't hand in your compositions today.”

——>The teacher said we needn't/didn't need to/didn't have to hand in our compositions.

She asked, “Must I take the medicine”

——> She asked if she had to take the medicine.

〔注〕：此處用had to代替must更好

8）此外轉(zhuǎn)述中的變化要因?qū)嶋H情況而定，不能機(jī)械照搬，如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there, 動(dòng)詞come不必改為go，如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday, tomorrow, this afternoon等均不必改變。如：

Teacher: You may have the ball game this afternoon.

Student : What did the teacher say, Monitor

Monitor: He said we might have the ball game this afternoon.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語的例句

地點(diǎn)狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞變化：

1）指示代詞：these 變成those

2）地點(diǎn)狀語：here變成there

She said, “I won't come here any more.”

——> She said that she wouldn’t go there any more..

3）動(dòng)詞：come變成go，bring變成take

5、直接引語變成間接引語，句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化

1）陳述句。用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可直接用引語中的said, 也可用told來代替，注意，可以說said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that，不可直接說told that, 如：

He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.”

——>He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”

——>He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.（不可說told that）

此外主句中的謂語還常有：

repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think等，又如：

He said，“I'm late because of the heavy traffic.”——> He explained to us that he was late because of t-he heavy traffic.

如果間接引語是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句，第一個(gè)連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。

The doctor said, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——>

The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2）直接引語為一般疑問句，（也稱是否疑問句，）間接引語用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中謂語動(dòng)詞sai-d要改為asked（me/him/us等），語序是陳述句的語序，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。

He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation”

——>He asked（me）whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you”

——>He asked whether I was interested in English.

3） 直接引語為選擇疑問句，間接引語用whether…or…表達(dá)，而不用if…or…，也不用either…or…. 如：

He asked, “Do you speak English or French”

——>He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

I asked, “Will you take bus or take train”

——>I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

4）直接引語為特殊疑問句，改成間接引語時(shí)，原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用ask（sb.）來表達(dá)，語序改為陳述句語序。如：

He asked，“What's your name”

——> He asked（me）what my name was.

He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country”

——>He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

5）直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語，用帶to的不定式表達(dá)，謂語動(dòng)詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, orde-r, request等。如ask sb. to do，（由肯定祈使句變成）ask sb. not to do（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變），并且在不定式短語中的時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如：

He said，“Be seated, please.”

——> He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwriting.” He said.

——>He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

“Never come here again!” said the officer nearby.

——>The officer ordered the villagers never to go there again.

“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said.

——>The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

6）有些含有“建議”、“勸告”的祈使句，可用suggest, insist, offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述，如：

He said, “Let's have a rest.”

——> He suggested us having a rest.

He said, “Let me help you.”

——> He offered to help me.

7）當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句，有表示請求，建議意義時(shí)，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise s-b. to do sth. 等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。如：

“Would you mind opening the door” he asked.

——>He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk” he asked us.

——>He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.

8）直接引語是感嘆句時(shí)，變間接引語可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)，如：

She said, “What a lovely day it is!”

——> She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lov-ely day.

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語的例句

嵌套間接引語的從句：

如果間接引語當(dāng)中還鑲嵌有另一句從句，則被稱為嵌套間接引語的從句，英文叫：the subordinate clause i-n indirect statement。這時(shí)，這樣的從句要使用虛擬語氣。從句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與主句動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)聯(lián)。如：

Dux dicebat militem qui fugisset poenas daturum esse. 統(tǒng)帥曾常說，那個(gè)逃跑的士兵將要受到懲罰。

qui fugisset[逃跑] 是一句關(guān)系從句，修飾militem “士兵”，由于處在dicebat [說]后面的間接引語當(dāng)中，因此需使用虛擬語氣。間接引語的動(dòng)詞是不定式 daturum esse[將受到]，為將來時(shí)，因?yàn)閯?dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)詞“說”之后，而 fugisset [逃跑]為虛擬語氣的過去完成時(shí)，表示在統(tǒng)帥“說話”之前已經(jīng)逃走了

▲高考英語語法必考知識點(diǎn)：間接引語中句型的轉(zhuǎn)換

①直接引語如果是陳述句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如：

She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."

→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

②直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應(yīng)改為由whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John"

→He asked John if he could swim.

"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you" my mother asked.

→My mother asked me whether I ha-d finished the homework.

"Do you go to school by bus or by bike"

→He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引語如果是特殊問句，間接引語應(yīng)該改為由疑問代詞或疑問副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（賓語從句必須用陳述句語序）。

She asked me, "When do they have their dinner"

→ She asked me when they had their dinner.

④直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應(yīng)改為"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：

"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children.

→She told (ordered) the children not to make any noi-se. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.

→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

⑤直接引語如果是以“Let‘s”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，通常用“suggest +動(dòng)名詞（或從句）?！比纾?/p>

He said, "Let’s go to the film."

→He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to s-ee the film.

引述別人的話有兩種方式：一是使用引號引出人家的原話，這叫做直接引語；一是用自己的話把人家的話轉(zhuǎn)述出來，這叫做間接引語。例如：

John said, "I’m going to London with my father."

約翰說："我要和父親到倫敦去。"（引號內(nèi)是直接引語）

John said that he was going to London with his father.

約翰說，他要和他父親去倫敦。（賓語從句是間接引語）

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