無論是身處學(xué)校還是步入社會(huì),大家都嘗試過寫作吧,借助寫作也可以提高我們的語言組織能力。范文怎么寫才能發(fā)揮它最大的作用呢?下面是小編為大家收集的優(yōu)秀范文,供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
英語專業(yè)論文翻譯軟件篇一
[摘 要]英語畢業(yè)論文由于從事英美文學(xué)教學(xué)的教師理論水平參差不齊、教師對(duì)學(xué)生文藝?yán)碚摻邮苣芰Φ膽岩伞⑸唐方?jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代文學(xué)和文藝?yán)碚撉吆凸训纫蛩?造成文學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)和文學(xué)方向畢業(yè)論文寫作中缺乏科學(xué)的分析方法。本研究將探索將文藝?yán)碚撘氡究飘厴I(yè)生的論文寫作課程中的必要性和可行性,從而建構(gòu)以文藝?yán)碚摓橹行牡挠⒄Z專業(yè)文學(xué)方向畢業(yè)論文寫作的新模式。
[關(guān)鍵詞]文學(xué)理論;讀者反映理論;認(rèn)知教學(xué)法
依據(jù)《高等教育法》(1998)的本科教育學(xué)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),學(xué)生應(yīng)比較系統(tǒng)地掌握本專業(yè)所必需的基礎(chǔ)理論知識(shí)、基本技能和相關(guān)知識(shí),并“具有從事本專業(yè)實(shí)際工作和研究工作的初步能力”。這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)調(diào)了研究性教學(xué)(research-oriented teaching)的重要性,無疑為英美文學(xué)教學(xué)中理論研究與實(shí)踐的有機(jī)融合提出了要求,而這種融合往往體現(xiàn)在學(xué)生文學(xué)論文寫作的能力之中。然而,高校中實(shí)用主義風(fēng)氣、急功近利思想和“重技能,輕人文”弊端的集中體現(xiàn)沖擊著文學(xué)課教學(xué),助長了學(xué)生輕視與人文修養(yǎng)有關(guān)的課程,助長了他們對(duì)文學(xué)作品敬而遠(yuǎn)之的傾向(馬愛華, 2006)。作為全面考核畢業(yè)生綜合素質(zhì)的有效途徑,畢業(yè)論文寫作是本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)前必須經(jīng)受的考驗(yàn)關(guān)口,是師生教學(xué)相長的過程。本文將從文學(xué)課教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀出發(fā),通過畢業(yè)論文寫作的過程,在揭示現(xiàn)象、總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,提出重視文藝?yán)碚摰慕虒W(xué),提高學(xué)生的文學(xué)素養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)研究性學(xué)習(xí)能力的意義。
一、研究現(xiàn)狀
部分專家認(rèn)為英語專業(yè)(張沖, 2003)是“英語語言技能的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練和對(duì)英語語言文化的專門研究”,其特征為“技能加專業(yè),復(fù)合而開放”,其培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)為“純熟的語言能力,深度的專題研究”。這一專業(yè)定位除了強(qiáng)調(diào)語言技能之外,著重強(qiáng)調(diào)了“文化”和“研究”。文化理解和專題研究的基礎(chǔ)在于學(xué)生文學(xué)課程的給養(yǎng)過程,其中,文學(xué)理論分析則既指導(dǎo)了文學(xué)課程的學(xué)習(xí),又加深了學(xué)生對(duì)文學(xué)作品的理解。文學(xué)作品的學(xué)習(xí)與文藝?yán)碚摰年P(guān)系好比材料和工具的關(guān)系,“工欲善其事,必先利其器”,如果學(xué)生沒有相關(guān)的文藝?yán)碚摰膶W(xué)習(xí),就好比一個(gè)沒有工具的工匠,只能望天興嘆。
二、問題成因
文藝?yán)碚撌菍W(xué)習(xí)英美文學(xué)的分析和鑒賞工具,研究生階段的文藝?yán)碚摻虒W(xué)已經(jīng)有了一定的歷史,但在英語專業(yè)本科教學(xué)中文藝?yán)碚摰慕虒W(xué)目前尚未展開。這直接導(dǎo)致學(xué)生的文學(xué)畢業(yè)論文的寫作難度增大,出現(xiàn)了許多亟待解決的問題。主要成因如下:
1.從事英美文學(xué)教學(xué)的教師理論水平參差不齊。部分教師講授英美文學(xué),而其自身很少涉及文藝?yán)碚摰氖褂?或者說自己的文學(xué)批評(píng)理論知識(shí)匱乏,因此不可能在授課時(shí)有意識(shí)地將文藝?yán)碚撊谌氲浇虒W(xué)中去。
2.輕視或放低對(duì)學(xué)生的人文素質(zhì)和評(píng)析能力的生成要求。有些教師擔(dān)心學(xué)生的接受能力,甚至害怕因?yàn)閷W(xué)生不能正確理解文藝?yán)碚摰木瓒鴮⑵湔`用或者濫用。《高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)英語教學(xué)大綱》(2000)明確規(guī)定了文學(xué)課程的教學(xué)目的“在于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀、欣賞、理解英語文學(xué)原著的能力,掌握文學(xué)批評(píng)的基本知識(shí)和方法。通過閱讀和分析英美文學(xué)作品,促進(jìn)學(xué)生語言基本功和人文素質(zhì)的提高,增強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)西方文學(xué)及文化的了解”,顯而易見,加大文學(xué)批評(píng)理論的講授和研討是符合《大綱》要求的。
3.所學(xué)知識(shí)與研究性寫作存在三個(gè)“不和諧”關(guān)系:文學(xué)課的教與學(xué)脫節(jié);文學(xué)課與語言實(shí)踐脫節(jié);文學(xué)教學(xué)理論的研究與外語教學(xué)實(shí)踐脫節(jié)(馬愛華, 2006)。學(xué)生習(xí)得的知識(shí)孤立于其寫作實(shí)踐之外。人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)不明確,學(xué)生急功近利,一成不變的文學(xué)課程教學(xué)脫離實(shí)際人才
培養(yǎng)模式。學(xué)生將文藝?yán)碚撘暈榧埳险劚R蚨?導(dǎo)致“文學(xué)理論教材和教學(xué)實(shí)踐逐漸偏離當(dāng)今消費(fèi)時(shí)代的審美精神”以及“文學(xué)理論的教學(xué)被大學(xué)生們冷落”(李迪江, 2002)。
三、文藝?yán)碚撛谖膶W(xué)論文寫作中的意義
1.文學(xué)理論的專業(yè)知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí),鋪墊了文學(xué)論文的研究能力?!拔膶W(xué)理論教學(xué)應(yīng)該優(yōu)先地培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的理論素養(yǎng),更多地培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的應(yīng)用能力,如從文學(xué)作品的分析討論中,來培養(yǎng)大學(xué)生的理解能力、分析能力和表達(dá)能力等(李迪江, 2002)”。本科學(xué)生已經(jīng)有了一定的文學(xué)常識(shí),至少對(duì)于著名作品的情節(jié)有了一定程度的了解,文學(xué)名著選讀課使用文學(xué)名著的原版書籍作為教材,使得學(xué)生有機(jī)會(huì)對(duì)文學(xué)文本進(jìn)行仔細(xì)研讀,為文藝?yán)碚摰膶W(xué)習(xí)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
2.畢業(yè)論文寫作,完成學(xué)生從讀者到理論分析的升華。guerin認(rèn)為,“讀者參與在文本的創(chuàng)作中”。作品的意義是文本和讀者相互作用的結(jié)果,它強(qiáng)調(diào)讀者在閱讀過程中的不同參與方式。這一理論代表人物之一伊瑟爾指出,所有文學(xué)篇章都有“空白”或“缺口”,這些空白和缺口必須由讀者在解讀過程中填補(bǔ)或具體化(劉辰誕, 1999)。文學(xué)作品須由接受者內(nèi)化和心靈化,即需要接受者的理解、體驗(yàn)、加工、補(bǔ)充和創(chuàng)造,融入接受者的思想和情感、傾向和評(píng)價(jià),只有這樣,作品中的時(shí)間、人物形象等才會(huì)活生生地呈現(xiàn)在自己的頭腦中(郭宏安, 1997)。從這個(gè)角度暴露了英語專業(yè)教育中一貫的“知識(shí)單一和技能單一”問題,帶來的思考是應(yīng)該如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生多種語言技能,滿足其獨(dú)立學(xué)習(xí)的需要。
3.文學(xué)史學(xué)習(xí)為文藝?yán)碚摰膶W(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。心理學(xué)、原型批判、女權(quán)主義、馬克思主義的文學(xué)評(píng)論等可將傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)史中作家、作品按照時(shí)間排序的方式打破。從各種文藝?yán)碚摰慕嵌葘?duì)作家、作品重新排序,不同的文學(xué)作品可以用相同的文藝?yán)碚撨M(jìn)行分析,既起到梳理文學(xué)史和文學(xué)作品的目的,又使學(xué)生對(duì)文學(xué)作品甚至文學(xué)史的認(rèn)識(shí)提升到一個(gè)新的高度。如:莎士比亞的《哈姆雷特》,尤金?奧尼爾《榆樹下的欲望》,勞倫斯的《兒子與情人》等作品中都蘊(yùn)含著戀母情結(jié)的心理學(xué)分析。以此為基礎(chǔ),給學(xué)生補(bǔ)充講述古希臘劇作家索福克里斯的著名悲劇作品《俄狄浦斯王》,能幫助學(xué)生探究作品人物的內(nèi)心世界,為論文寫作奠定基礎(chǔ)的同時(shí),也有助于選擇一個(gè)更為可行的題目。
4.結(jié)合文本與文藝?yán)碚?豐富學(xué)生的論文選題。學(xué)生文學(xué)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文選題往往單一,如選擇:《偉大的蓋茨比》中美國夢(mèng)破滅的主題或美國夢(mèng)的悲劇一類的主題;《呼嘯山莊》、《傲慢與偏見》中的愛情主題等。選擇經(jīng)典作家的代表作品為研究對(duì)象并不是不可以,但對(duì)于一般本科生而言,要就這些作品的某一方面進(jìn)行較為深入、有創(chuàng)意的探討,還是有相當(dāng)難度的。因?yàn)?對(duì)于某一經(jīng)典文本的某些問題,國內(nèi)外評(píng)論界可能早有定論,而一般的學(xué)生“尚不能用當(dāng)代文論的新視角去解讀,很難提出自己的新解”(杜志卿, 2005)。
5.研讀詩歌,理論先行。在歷屆本科英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)生的論文中,有關(guān)詩歌的論文很少有人涉及。究其成因,主要是在較短篇幅的詩歌中大量運(yùn)用意象和象征等寫作手法,再加上詩人用特有的音韻感和
英語專業(yè)論文翻譯軟件篇二
? 劉玉翠回到村里,就好比是住進(jìn)了監(jiān)牢里。having returned to the village,liu yucui felt as if she had got into prison.? he drove as if possessed by the devil.他著魔似的駕車狂奔。
? …h(huán)er sharp mind, sawing raggedly through illusions like a bread knife through a hunk of frozen fish.她敏銳的思想慢慢地剔開了錯(cuò)覺, 就象一把面包刀割開一塊厚厚的凍魚一樣。
…(he)wanted it all with a horrible intensity, as the faun wants the nymph.他強(qiáng)烈得可怕地渴望著這一切,象牧神渴望林間的仙女一樣。
? the pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.作家的筆猶如戰(zhàn)士的槍。
? every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗話說,衣柜里面藏骷髏,見不得人的事家家都有。
? advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.勸導(dǎo)對(duì)他好像水過鴨背似的不起作用。
? life is like a yo-yo.生活是一個(gè)悠悠球,充滿一連串的起伏不定。? 愛自己尊如菩薩,待他人穢如糞土。she had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated like dirt ?.接著他們用繩子五花大綁,把節(jié)振德捆得象個(gè)粽子似的,又是一陣拳打腳踢。
? they give him a good cuff and kick, trusses him up like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.? today you see them bouncing, buxom, red as cherries.如今你看他們又結(jié)實(shí)又胖,臉上紅撲撲的。
? every bean has its black.人皆有短處。
? the best is the enemy of the good.要求過高反難成功。
? don’t trust is an ambulance chaser.不要相信他,他是個(gè)惟利是圖的人。
? 何等動(dòng)人的一頁又一頁篇章!這是人類思維的花朵。what inspiring chapters!they are the flowers of the human brainwork.? 霎時(shí)間,東西長安街成了喧騰的大海。at once,the eastern and western chang’an roads became roaring oceans.? jane’s uncle is an old fox,up to all kinds of evils.簡的叔叔是個(gè)老狐貍,什么壞事都干得出來。
? after that long talk,jim became the sun in her heart.那次長談之后,吉姆成了她心中的太陽。
? 每條嶺都是那么溫柔,雖然下自山腳,上至嶺頂,長滿了珍貴的林木,可是誰也不孤峰突起,盛氣凌人。all the ridges were so of them stood above the others with arrogance,though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.? “don’t talk to me about no opportunity any unity’s knocking down every door in the country,trying to get i was young,a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.” “休說什么機(jī)會(huì)難逢。機(jī)會(huì)正在國內(nèi)每家每戶敲門,想要進(jìn)去呢。我年輕那會(huì)兒,人們得出門去尋找機(jī)會(huì),揪著耳朵把它拖回來?!?/p>
? how soon hath time,the subtle thief of youth,stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!時(shí)間,這個(gè)盜竊青春的狡猾的小偷,盜竊了我二十又三年飛走了。
我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里,一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。six years have passed by in a twinkle since
i came to the capital city from the is the prettiest girl in the world.她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。
? 尤氏道:“我也暗暗地叫人預(yù)備了?!褪悄羌|西,不得好木頭,且慢慢地辦著罷?!?“i’ve secretly sent people to get things they haven’t found good wood for that thing yet,so we have to wait.”
?
his daughter is rather weak in the head.他的女兒腦子不太好使。
? 我和她的關(guān)系出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)“黑洞”,后來“裂變”,到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)“死機(jī)”了。
? the initial “black hole” in the relationship between me and her later turned into a “fission” and finally into a “crash”.? 禿頭站在白背心的略略正對(duì)面,彎了腰,去研究背心上的文字。baldy,standing almost directly opposite white jerkin,stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.?
his wife spent all her life on the stage.(= theatrical profession)他的妻子在舞臺(tái)上度過了一生。(=戲劇工作,表演藝術(shù))
? paper and ink cut the throats of men,and the sound of a breath many shake the world.(= written words;speech)紙墨能割斷人的喉管,嗓音能震動(dòng)整個(gè)世界。(紙墨=寫幾個(gè)字;嗓音=說幾句話)
? great minds think alike.(= great people think alike.)英雄所見略同。(不宜譯成 “偉大的腦袋所見略同。”)
? gray hair should be respected.(gray hair = the aged)老年人應(yīng)受到尊敬。(不宜譯成
“灰頭發(fā)應(yīng)受到尊敬?!保?/p>
? 得到母親去世的消息,我很悲痛。(“得到”= “我得到”)on hearing of my mother’s death,i was caught in a tremendous grief.(“on hearing of”= “as soon as i heard of ”)? 2)“when did he say this?” “at the walking day.”
(= “he said this at the playground when he was walking home yesterday.”(john
cheever:the season of spanorce)
“他什么時(shí)候說這話的?”“在廣場上。昨天回家的路上?!?/p>
? he has provided the poor with jobs,with opportunity,with self-respect.(在 with self-respect 之前省去了連詞 and。)他給窮人提供了工作,提供了機(jī)會(huì),提供了自尊。? they smiled,shook hands,parted.(在 parted 之前省去了 and。)他們微微一笑,相互握手,分手告別。? 折繞;periphrasis ? “孔乙己,你臉上又添上新傷疤了!”(“ 添上新傷疤”意為 “又挨打了”。)“kong yiji!you’ve got fresh scars on your face!” ? 胡思亂想,一夜也不曾合眼。(“不曾合眼”意為“沒睡著覺”。)indulging himself in wild fancies,he did not close his eyes throughout the night.? her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience.(= her nose was blocked.)她的嗅覺系統(tǒng)暫時(shí)有些不便。(=她鼻塞。)
? his brother is a disturber of the piano keys.(= pianist)他哥哥是一個(gè)跟鋼琴鍵找麻煩的人。(=鋼琴家)(這一折繞句有著幽默的效果。)
? 然而悲慘的皺紋,卻也從他的眉頭和嘴角出現(xiàn)了。miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.? 廣場上又燒起歡樂的篝火。jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.? after a happy day,she had a sleepless night.她在度過歡樂一天之后,卻又熬過一個(gè)不眠之夜。
? in the examination,the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher,who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.在考場上,那個(gè)男孩用緊張的眼光瞥了老師一眼,老師顯然懷疑到他在作弊。
? 敬愛的周總理啊,人民想念您,祖國需要您,我們的黨不能沒有您!(呼人)oh,our beloved premier zhou,our people miss you very much,our motherland is in need of you,and our party cannot afford to have your departure!? england!awake!awake!awake!英格蘭!醒來!醒來!醒來吧!? jerusalem thy sister calls!(呼物)你的姐姐耶路撒冷在呼喚著你!
事情就是這樣,他來進(jìn)攻,我們把他消滅了,他就舒服了。消滅一點(diǎn),舒服一點(diǎn);消滅得多,舒服得多;徹底消滅,徹底舒服。this is the way things are:if they attack and we wipe them out,they will have that satisfaction;wipe out some,some satisfaction;wipe out more,more satisfaction;wipe out the whole lot,complete satisfaction.? it is an outrage to bind a roman citizen;to scourge him is a crime;to put him to death is almost parricide.(cicero)綁架一個(gè)羅馬公民是一種違法行為;對(duì)他進(jìn)行肉體折磨是一種犯罪行為;把他處死幾乎等于殺父母一樣的叛逆行為。
? threaten him,imprison him,torture him,kill him:you will not induce him to betray his country.威脅他,監(jiān)禁他,拷打他,處死他:這些都不能使他背叛自己的國家。? how haughtily he cocks his nose,他昂首挺胸,趾高氣揚(yáng),傲慢無比,? to tell what every schoolboy knows.講開了每個(gè)小學(xué)生都知道的東西。
? the explosion completely destroyed a church,two houses,and a flowerpot.這起爆炸事故徹底毀壞了一個(gè)教堂、兩所房屋和一個(gè)花盆。
? 周蘩漪:你這一次到礦上去,也是學(xué)著你父親的英雄榜樣,把一個(gè)真正明白你,愛你的人丟開不管么? fan:and the reason why you are going away to the mine is that you’re following your father’s heroic example and throwing over the one person who really understands and loves you? ? 根據(jù)報(bào)紙上官方介紹,他是天底下頭等大好人,渾身上下毫無缺點(diǎn),連肚臍眼都沒有。according to the official write-ups in the papers,he’s the best man in the doesn’t have a single defect in his whole ,he doesn’t even have a belly-button!? what a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!—they let the paupers go to sleep!以此說明他那行善的國家的仁慈法律是多么有意義的例證!——他們竟允許窮人睡覺!? “the boy has broken another glass,”said the mother.母親說:“小家伙又打碎了一個(gè)杯子?!?/p>
? “a fine thing!”the father replied.父親回答道:“好得很!”
? 生產(chǎn)多么需要科學(xué)!our production is in burning need of science!? 革命多么需要科學(xué)!our revolution is in burning need of science!
人民多么需要科學(xué)!our people are in burning need of science!we can gain knowledge,by reading,by reflection, by observation or by practice.(parallelism)求知門徑頗多,或閱讀,或思考,或觀察,或?qū)嵺`。
? i came,i saw,i conquered.(parataxis)我只身前往,我明察秋毫,我旗開得勝。? we laughed,we sang,we danced.(parataxis)我們縱情歡笑,我們放聲歌唱,我們翩翩起舞。
? 不知細(xì)葉誰裁出?(問)but do you know by whom these young leaves are cut out? ? 二月春風(fēng)似剪刀。(答)the early spring wind is as sharp as scissor blade.? shall i compare thee to a summer’s day?(問)我能不能拿夏天來同你相比? ? thou art more lovely and more temperate.(答)(shakespeare)你呀比夏天來得可愛和溫煦。
? 幸因腐草出,by chance you’re born from grasses of decay,? 敢近太陽飛? dare you fly near where shines the light of day? ? then who will cheer my bonny bride殺了這漂亮新娘的愛人,when they have slain her lover? 還有誰能使她歡愉? ? o,if you felt the pain i feel!啊,要是你能體會(huì)這痛苦!? but o,who ever felt as i? 唉,可誰的感覺像我一樣? ? 卜卜卜——機(jī)關(guān)槍的聲音跟著又來。the staccato chatter of a machine-gun was heard again.? 敲了兩下門,心上還突突直跳。he knocked twice at the gate,his heart thudding violently.? a hammering clatter of hoofs beating the hard road.“得、得、得”,堅(jiān)硬的路面上響著接連不斷的馬蹄聲。
? white jagged lightning,followed by the brazen clash and deep rumble of thunder.天空中閃過一道成v形的白色閃電,緊接著傳來一聲霹靂,然后是深沉的隆隆雷聲。
櫻花紅陌上,the pathways red with cherry blossoms;
柳葉綠池邊。the lakeside green with willow ,strength,youth,are flowers but fading seen;美貌、體力、年輕,就像花朵,終
將衰盡;
duty,faith,love,are roots,and ever green.義務(wù)、信念、愛情,就像樹根,萬古長青。
你剛才所說做大生意做得有些討厭,這還是第一百零一回聽到的話。just now you said it’s a tiring job to do a big is the first time i’ve heard this.飯來張口,衣來伸手have only to open one’s mouth to be fed and hold out one’s hands to be dressed
秦時(shí)明月漢時(shí)關(guān),the age-old moon still shines o’er the ancient great wall,萬里長征人未還。but our frontier guardsmen have not come back at the cat’s away,the mice will play.貓兒不在,鼠兒作怪。
阿舒已二八,a-shu is twice eight,懶惰故無匹。for laziness he has no equal.三五中秋夕mid-autumn’s fifteenth night is here again.清游擬上元。as on the feast of lanterns we stroll ,of my threescore years and ten,在我的七十壽數(shù)內(nèi),twenty will not come again.有二十已一去不回。
fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.八十七年前,我們的先輩在這塊大陸上創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)新的國家。
楊柳青青江水平,? 聞郎江上唱歌聲; ? 東邊日出西邊雨,? 道是無晴卻有晴。
? between the willows green ? the river flows along,? my beloved in a boat ? is heard singing a song.? the west is veiled in rain,? the east basks in sunshine,? my beloved is as deep in love ? as the day is fine.? 春蠶到死絲方盡,the silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart; ? 蠟炬成灰淚始干。the candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.? 空對(duì)著,山中高士晶瑩雪;vainly facing the hermit in sparkling snow-clad hills ? 終不忘,世外仙姝寂寞林。i forget not the fairy in lone woods beyond the world.(楊)
有個(gè)農(nóng)村叫張家莊,張家莊有個(gè)張木匠。張木匠有個(gè)好老婆,外號(hào)叫“小飛娥”。小飛娥生了個(gè)女兒叫艾艾。there was a village called zhangjia village,where lived carpenter zhang,who had a good wife,nicknamed little moth,who gave birth to a girl called ai’ai.? 他一見面是寒暄,寒暄之后說我 “胖了”,說我 “胖了”之后即大罵其新黨。having exchanged some polite remarks upon meeting he observed that i was fatter,and having observed that i was fatter launched into a violent attack on the reformists.? still he sought for fame...fame,that last infirmity of noble mind.可是他仍舊追逐名氣——追逐名氣,這是個(gè)高尚人永遠(yuǎn)擺脫不了的弱點(diǎn)。
? he gave his life;life was all he could give.他奉獻(xiàn)了自己的生命;生命是他能奉獻(xiàn)的一切。
? 1)我媽媽是個(gè)古板人,講究的是三從四德。(周立波:《山鄉(xiāng)巨變》)my mother is rigidly ’s very particular about the three obediences and the four virtues.? 1)藍(lán)的天,綠的地,長長的小路,她走來了!(張枚同等:《麥苗返青的時(shí)候》)the blue sky,the green land,and the long she was coming along.? 1)哼!你別看我耳朵聾——可我的心并不 “聾”啊!(郭澄清:《大刀記》)humph!my ears are deaf,but my mind is not.? 2)小火車在歡騰地急馳。人們的心和火車一樣,向家鄉(xiāng)急奔。(曲波:《林海雪原》)the little train and the hearts of all its passengers,together,sped merrily homeward.1)他細(xì)味他倆最近的幾頁可愛的歷史。想一節(jié)傷一回心,但他寧愿這樣甜蜜的傷心。(《朱自清文集》第一卷)he meditated upon their recent pleasant time he indulged in such meditation,he felt he was eager to taste this kind of sweet bitterness.2)年年難過年年過,hard up,we manage to get over it each year; 3)處處無家處處家。(解放前的一副趣聯(lián))homeless,we try to make home everywhere.4)the land did not move,but sea was not still,yet was x flowed into paradox,stillness mixed with stillness,sound with sound.( bradbury: the vacation)大地止而亦行,大海動(dòng)而亦靜。萬寂交而萬籟和,若真若假,若是若非。
1)中國還有一句成語,三個(gè)臭皮匠,合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。單獨(dú)的一個(gè)諸葛亮總是不完全的,總是有缺陷的。still another chinese proverb says three cobblers with their wits combined equal zhuge liang the liang by himself can never be perfect,he has his limitations.5)這對(duì)年輕夫婦并不相配,一個(gè)是西施,一個(gè)是張飛。this young couple is not well matched,one is a xi shi---a famous chinese beauty,while the other is a zhang fei---a well-known ill-tempered brute.6)3)he is a modern samson.他是現(xiàn)代參孫式的大力士。(samson:參孫,《圣經(jīng)》中人物,以身強(qiáng)力大著稱。)
7)4)we have enrolled every local cicero.我們把各地西塞羅式的雄辯家都招來了。(cicero:西塞羅,古羅馬雄辯家、政治家、哲學(xué)家。)8)5)our village hercules has come.我們村的大力士來了。(hercules:海格立斯,希臘神話里主神宙斯之子,力大無比,曾完成十二項(xiàng)英雄事跡。)9)倒裝;anastrophe 10)1)屈原:鼓動(dòng)吧,風(fēng)!咆哮吧,雷!閃耀吧,電!把一切沉睡在黑暗懷里的東西,毀滅,毀滅,毀滅呀!(郭沫若:《屈原》)
11)qu yuan:blow,wind!roll,thunder!flash,lightning!destroy all things that slumber in darkness,destroy them utterly!12)2)如果我能夠,我要寫下我的悔恨和悲哀,為子君,為自己。(魯迅:《傷逝》)i want,if i can,to record my remorse and grief,for zijun’s sake as well as for my own.13)3)fine and sunny it was when we started on our way.我們動(dòng)身那天,天氣晴朗,陽光燦爛。14)4)so beautifully did she sing that the audience burst into applause.她唱得美妙動(dòng)聽,全體聽眾都為她鼓掌。
1)幾何老師手拿一把丁字尺,走進(jìn)了教室。with a t square in his hand,the teacher of geometry came into the classroom.15)2)老張走進(jìn)房間一看,只見女兒在床上睡成一個(gè) “大”字。old zhang went into the room and saw his daughter lying on the bed in the shape of the chinese character 大.16)3)it was just impossible for him to get into this i-shaped hole.要他鉆進(jìn)這個(gè) “工”字形的洞口,是完全不可能的。
17)4)what they need now is a large quantity of z iron.他們目前需要的是大量的乙字鐵。18)a thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin,emotionless eyes.(james thurber: one is a wanderer)一個(gè)骨瘦如柴、衣服單薄、雙目失神的男子注視著他們。19)1)dumb dogs are dangerous.不吠的狗最危險(xiǎn)。
20)2)sarah sits by six sick city slickers.薩拉坐在來自城里的六個(gè)生著病的狡猾騙子的身旁。21)3)four fat friars fanned flickering flames.四個(gè)肥胖的修士扇著閃爍不定的火焰。22)4)round the rough and rugged rock the ragged rascal rudely ran.23)那個(gè)衣著破爛的惡棍繞著粗糙不平的巖石狂奔。
24)1)這個(gè)連長太 “軍閥”了!年紀(jì)不大,脾氣可不小!(曲波:《山呼海嘯》)
25)(名→動(dòng))“ this company commander is too much of a “warlord”.though he’s young,he easily gets into a fit of temper.26)2)他 “科員”了一輩子。(老舍:《離婚》)27)he’s been clerked all his life.28)(名→動(dòng))he's been an office clerk all his life.29)3)the sight of the happy children warmed his heart.看到幸福的孩子們溫暖著他的心
30)(形→動(dòng))看到幸福的孩子們,他心里感到熱乎乎的。31)4)you can never fox me.(名→動(dòng))你決騙不了我。
32)5)you have no right to boss me.你無權(quán)老板我(名→動(dòng))你無權(quán)指揮我。33)1)狗拿耗子——多管閑事 be as nosy as a dog trying to catch a rat;
34)瞎子點(diǎn)燈——白費(fèi)蠟 be like a blind man holding a candle--a sheer waste of wax。35)科學(xué)需要社會(huì)主義,社會(huì)主義更需要科學(xué)。(郭沫若:《科學(xué)的春天》)
36)science is in need of socialism,while socialism is in greater need of science.37)
他們那種快活勁兒,真叫人喜歡,我喜歡他們,他們喜歡我。(艾蕪:《屋里的春天》)38)their liveliness is very appealing.i like them,and they like me.39)ma is as selfless as i am.媽同我一樣無私。
40)又:ma is a nun,as i am.媽和我一樣,也是個(gè)修女。41)you can cage a swallow,can’t you? but you can’t swallow a cage,can you? 42)你可以把一只燕子關(guān)到籠里,是嗎? 但你不能吞下一個(gè)籠子,對(duì)嗎? 43)strong in attack,and in defense unrivalled.進(jìn)攻上,無堅(jiān)不摧;防守上,無懈可擊。44)the melody was old;old also were the words.曲調(diào)是古老的;同樣古老的是歌詞。45)3)an is more than a hooligan while is more than a fox.46)胡里干先生是個(gè)大流氓,福克斯先生是個(gè)老狐貍。
47)4)a man has two hands,but a clock has three hands.人有兩只手,而鐘有三根指針。
48))tom looked at her with eyes and envy(= with envious eyes).湯姆用羨慕的眼光望著她。49)4)they drank from goblets and from gold(= from gold goblets).(virgil)他們手拿金杯喝著酒。
上周一個(gè)溫暖、多云的早上,我們一道去布朗克斯動(dòng)物園看小駝鹿,剛好也給新買的一雙黑鞋子試試腳。我們沒想到運(yùn)氣會(huì)那么好,一頭母鹿正帶著小鹿站在鹿苑的圍墻旁邊,鹿苑在猴舍的下面。為了得到更好的觀察視角,我們踱行到鹿苑地勢(shì)較低、緊鄰一條小溪的那端。有條小路很少有人踏足。來到鐵絲網(wǎng)下小溪涓涓流過的這一僻靜之所,就看到一頭紅鹿站直了身子,在她身旁掙扎著站立的是一頭斑點(diǎn)小鹿,嬌美得就像放在縮小透鏡中去看的一件飾物。母親帶著孩子站在一棵灰色的山毛櫸樹下,樹干上被人刻寫上了幾十顆心形圖案和刻寫人姓名的首字母縮寫??吹接忠活^小鹿躺在地面上,我們才意識(shí)到他們是母鹿剛剛產(chǎn)下的雙胞胎。后生的這頭小鹿身體還是濕的,還沒有站立起來。這是一幅難得一見的森林奇景,竟然出現(xiàn)在最受歡迎的紐約市五大城區(qū)之一的這個(gè)地方,我們還有什么不滿足的呢(這真是上天對(duì)我們的最大恩賜)。我們腳上穿著的新鞋子似乎也開始合腳了,不像開始那么夾腳了。
母鹿離鐵絲網(wǎng)只有幾步之遙,我們便坐在小路邊的一塊石頭上,觀察新生的小鹿在中布朗克斯這個(gè)嚴(yán)密布控的鹿苑中是如何(戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢)開始生活的。母鹿剛剛產(chǎn)下雙胞胎,對(duì)我們的到來有些不滿,抬起一只前蹄,在地上輕輕地跺了跺。然后她低下頭去,叼起產(chǎn)下的胞衣,盡心盡力地嚼了起來,并用嘴使勁地把它甩來甩去,好像它就是一捆干草。我們正看期間,一絲陽光穿過云層照在鹿寶寶身上,照亮了它們紅褐色的皮毛,也照亮了它們白色的斑點(diǎn)。偶然會(huì)有一些漫無目的的游客走到這里來,然而沒有人意識(shí)到這里發(fā)生了多么不同尋常的事情!“看這些袋鼠!”一個(gè)孩子嚷道。他和媽媽一起面目表情看了一眼鹿就走開了。
過了一會(huì)兒,躺著的那頭小鹿使出全部的力氣和智慧站了起來,第一次站起身來努力嗅探著圈禁它的鹿苑的秘密。作為對(duì)兒子站起來的褒獎(jiǎng),母親放下嘴里的胞衣,試圖用嘴舔干他的身體。她逆著小鹿身上的紋理舔,特別關(guān)注那些關(guān)鍵部位。與此同時(shí),大兒子踮著腳尖,邁著碎步,朝小溪走去,并下到了溪水中去。他在溪水中間停下來撒了泡尿,就像小孩子洗澡的時(shí)候常干的事情。然后,在母親眼光的注視下,他趟過了溪水,到了溪對(duì)岸,選了一個(gè)藏身之處躺了下來,那是緊鄰鐵絲網(wǎng)的一棵臭崧樹葉底下,樹葉正好把他遮住,四條腿一條不拉地收攏在身下。雖然他并未完全走出游人的視野,但已巧妙地躲藏到搖曳的光影背后,避開了人的視線。遠(yuǎn)方不知何處傳來了正午12點(diǎn)的汽笛報(bào)時(shí)聲。我們又呆了一會(huì)兒,他一動(dòng)也不動(dòng)。離開鹿園以前,我們跨過小溪,在鐵絲網(wǎng)前跪下,將手伸過網(wǎng),去驗(yàn)證一下我們聽聞的秘密:在新生鹿的兩耳之間搔一下并不會(huì)驚著小鹿。我們搔了一下,事實(shí)的確如此。
英語專業(yè)論文翻譯軟件篇三
a smart copper(ii)-responsive binucleargadolinium(iii)complex-based magnetic resonanceimaging contrast agent?
yan-meng xiao,ab gui-yan zhao,ab xin-xiu fang,ab yong-xia zhao,ab guan-hua wang,c wei yang*a and jing-wei xu*a a novel gd-do3a-type bismacrocyclic complex, [gd2(do3a)2bmpna], with a cu2+-selective binding unitwas synthesized as a potential “smart” copper(ii)-responsive magnetic resonance imaging(mri)contrast relaxivity of the complex was modulated by the presence or absence of cu2+;in the absence of cu2+, the complex exhibited a relatively low relaxivity value(6.40 mm1 s1), while the addition of cu2+ triggered an approximately 76% enhancement in relaxivity(11.28 mm1 s1).moreover, this cu2+-responsive contrast agent was highly selective in its response to cu2+ over other biologically-relevant metal influence of some common biological anions on the cu2+-responsive contrast agent and the luminescence lifetime of the complex were also results of the luminescence lifetime measurements indicated that the enhancement in relaxivity was mainly ascribed to the increased number of inner-sphere water molecules binding to the paramagnetic gd3+ core upon the addition of cu2+.in addition, the visual change associated with the significantly enhanced relaxivity due to the addition of cu2+ was observed from t1-weighted phantom uction copper(ii)ion is a vital metal nutrient for the metabolism of life and plays a critical role in various biological processes.1,2 its homeostasis is critical for the metabolism and development of living organisms.3,4 on the other hand, the disruption of its homeostasis may lead to a variety of physical diseases and neurological problems such as alzheimer's disease,5 menkes and wilson's disease,6 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,7,8 and prion disease.9,10 therefore, the assessment and understanding of the distribution of biological copper in living systems by noninvasive imaging is crucial to provide more insight into copper homeostasis and better understand the relationship between copper regulation and its physiological function.a wide variety of organic uorescent dyes have been exploited for the optical detection of ions in the last few decades.11–13however, optical imaging using organic uorescent dyes hasseveral limitations such as photobleaching, light scattering,limited penetration, low spatial resolution and the disturbance of auto uorescence.14 by comparison, magnetic resonance imaging(mri)is an increasingly accessible technique used as a noninvasive clinical diagnostic modality for medical diagnosis and biomedical research.15 it can provide high spatial resolution three-dimensional anatomical images with information about physiological signals and biochemical events.16 as a powerful diagnostic imaging tool in medicine, mri can distinguish normal tissue from diseased tissue and lesions in a noninvasive manner,17–19 which avoids diagnostic thoracotomy or laparotomy surgery for medical diagnoses and greatly improves the diagnostic le mri imaging parameters can provide a wealth of diagnostic addition, the desired cross-section for acquiring multi-angle and multi-planar images of various parts of the entire body can be freely chosen by adjusting the mri magnetic eld;this ability makes medical diagnostics and studies of the body's metabolism and function more and more effective and st agents are often used in mri examinations to improve the resolution and sensitivity;the image quality can be signicantly improved by applying contrast agents which enhance the mri signal intensity by increasing the relaxation rates of the surrounding water protons.20 due to the high magnetic moment(seven unpaired electrons)and slow electronic relaxation of the
paramagnetic gadolinium(iii)ion, gadolinium(iii)-based mri contrast agents are commonly employed to increase the relaxation rate of the surrounding water protons.16,21 however, most of these contrast agents are nonspecific and provide only anatomical the basis of solomon–bloembergen–morgan theory,22–24 several parameters can be manipulated to alter the relaxivity of gadolinium(iii)-based mri contrast parameters include the number of coordinated water molecules(q), the rotational correlation time(sr)and the residence lifetime of coordinated water molecules bound to the paramagnetic gd3+ center(sm).adjusting any of these three factors provides the opportunity to design “smart” mri contrast agents for specific biochemical events.25–27 in recent years, there have been many studies on the development of responsive gadolinium(iii)-based mri contrast agents;most of them have focused on the development of targeted, high relaxivity and bioactivated contrast responsive gadolinium(iii)-based mri contrast agents can be modulated by particular in vivo stimuli including ph,28–35 metal ion concentration36–43 and enzyme activity.44–50 notably, a number of copper-responsive mri contrast agents have been reported to detect uctuations of copper ions in vivo.51–58 these activated contrast agents exploit the modulation of the number of coordinated water molecules to generate distinct enhancements in longitudinal relaxivity in response to copper ions(cu+ or cu2+).in this study, we designed and synthesized a binuclear gadolinium-based mri contrast agent, [gd2(do3a)2bmpna], that is specically responsive to cu2+ over other biologicallyrelevant metal new copper-responsive mri contrast agent comprises two gd-do3a cores connected by a 2,6-bis(3-methyl-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinic acid scaffold59,60(bmpna), which functions as a receptor for copper-induced relaxivity synthetic strategy for [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] is depicted in scheme uently, the t1 relaxivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] was studied at 25 c and 60 mhz in the absence or presence of cu2+.experiments to determine the selectivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] towards cu2+ over other biologically-relevant ions were carried out as scence lifetime was measured to determine the number of coordinated water molecules(q)of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] in the absence or presence of cu2+.in addition, t1-weighted phantom images were collected to visualize the relaxivity enhancement caused by cu2+, suggesting potential in vivo mental section
materials and instruments
all materials for synthesis were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purication.1h and 13c nmr spectra were taken on an amx600 bruker ft-nmr spectrometer with tetramethylsilane(tms)as an internal scence measurements were performed on a hitachi fluorescence time-resolved luminescence emission spectra were recorded on a perkin-elmer ls-55 uorimeter with the following conditions: excitation wavelength, 295 nm;emission wavelength, 545 nm;dela time, 0.02 ms;gate time, 2.00 ms;cycle time, 20 ms;excitation slit, 5 nm;emission slit, 10 luminescence lifetime was measured on a lecroy wave runner 6100 digital oscilloscope(1 ghz)using a tunable laser(pulse width ? 4 ns, gate ? 50 ns)as the excitation(continuum sunlite opo).mass spectra(ms)were obtained on an auto ex iii tof/tof maldi-ms and anionspec esi-fticr mass tal analyses were performed on a vario el element sis synthesis of compound 2,6-bis(3-(bromomethyl)-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinate(compound1)59,60 and 4,7,10-tris(2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-4,7,10-triaza-azoniacyclododecan-1-ium bromide(compound 2)61 were prepared following thereported nd 2(0.25 g, 0.296 mmol)was suspended in 2 ml anhydrous acetonitrile with 6 equivalents of nahco3(0.1492 g)and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 nd 1(0.0675 g, 0.148 mmol)was added, and the mixture was slowly heated to reflux(80 c)and stirred the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solution was precipitate was washed several times with anhydrous acetonitrile, and the collected ltrate solution was evaporated under reduced residue was puried using silicagel column chromatography eluted with ch2cl2–n-hexane–ch3oh(10 : 3 : 1, v/v/v)to afford compound 3(0.1038 g, 53%)as a pale yellow solid.1h nmr(600 mhz, dmso): 8.22(s, 2h), 8.15(s, 2h), 6.62(s, 2h), 4.53(s, 4h), 3.82(s, 3h), 3.42(m, 4h), 2.98(m, 8h), 2.85(s, 8h), 2.71(m, 24h), 1.33(s, 54h)(fig.s1?).13c nmr(151 mhz, cdcl3): d 173.21, 172.44, 163.99, 152.38, 150.11, 143.13, 128.07, 109.83, 108.36, 82.59, 57.84, 56.52, 56.06, 55.56, 52.98, 50.55, 48.91, 47.30, 27.96(fig.s2?).hrms(esi): m/z c67h111n13o14 [m + 2h]2+ 661.92650, [m + h + na]2+ 672.91747, [m + 2na]2+ 683.90844, found [m + 2h]2+ 661.92584, [m+ h + na]2+ 672.91690, [m + 2na]2+ 683.90682(fig.s3?).synthesis of compound nd 3(0.1 g, 0.0756 mmol)was stirred with triuoroacetic acid in methylene chloride solution(2 ml)at room temperature for 24 solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was washed three times in ch3oh and ch2cl2 to eliminate excess obtained residue was dissolved with a minimum volume of ch3oh and precipitated with cold precipitate was ltered to afford a brown yellow solid(0.1022 g).1h nmr(600 mhz, dmso): 9.06(s, 2h), 8.17(s, 2h), 6.84(s, 2h), 4.33(s, 4h), 3.98(s, 3h), 3.56(b, 20h), 3.09(m, 24h)(fig.s4?).13c nmr(151 mhz, d2o): d 174.11, 169.13, 164.64, 150.75, 148.85, 142.10, 129.88, 109.75, 107.99, 55.69, 54.01, 53.10, 52.43, 51.15, 49.59, 48.22, 47.69(fig.s5?).maldi-tofms spectrum(ch3oh): m/z c43h63n13o14 [m h] 984.46, found 984.7(fig.s6?).anal c43h63n13o14-$3cf3cooh$2h2o: c, 43.14;h, 5.17;n, 13.35;found c, 42.34;h, 4.999;n, 13.29%.preparation of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] and [tb2(do3a)2-bmpna].compound 4(0.05 mmol)was dissolved in 2 ml of highly-puried 3 or tbcl3(0.1 mmol)was added ph was maintained at 6.5–7.0 with naoh during the whole solution was then stirred at 75 c for 24 -ms(h2o): m/z c42h55n13o14gd2 [m + h]+ 1281.46, found 1281.4(fig.s7?).maldi-ms(h2o): m/z c42h55n13o14tb2 [m + h]+ 1284.3, found 1284.4(fig.s8?).t1 longitudinal relaxation times(t1)of aqueous solutions of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] were measured on an ht-mrsi60-25 spectrometer(shanghai shinning globe science and education equipment co., ltd)at 1.5 of the tested samples were prepared in hepes-buffered aqueous solutions at ph of the metal ions(na+, k+, ca2+, mg2+, cu2+, zn2+, fe3+, fe2+)were used as chloride trations of gd3+ were determined by vities were determined from the slope of the plot of 1/t1 vs.[gd].the data were tted to the following eqn(1),20
(1/t1)obs ?(1/t1)d + r1[m](1)
where(1/t1)obs and(1/t1)d are the observed values in the presence and absence of the paramagnetic species, respectively, and [m] is the concentration of paramagnetic [gd].luminescence scence emission spectra were collected on a hitachi uorescence luminescence lifetime was measured on a lecroy wave runner 6100 digital oscilloscope(1 ghz)using a tunable laser(pulse width ? 4 ns, gate ? 50 ns)as the excitation(continuum sunlite opo).samples were excited at 290 nm, and the emission maximum(545 nm)was used to determine luminescence tb(iii)-based emission spectra were measured using 0.1 mm solutions of tb complex analog in 100 mm hepes buffer at ph 7.4 in h2o and d2o in the absence and presence of cu2+.the number of coordinated water molecules(q)was calculated according to eqn(2):62,63 q= ? 5(sh2o1 sd2o1 0.06)(2)t1-weighted mri phantom m images were collected on a 1.5 t ht-mrsi60-25 spectrometer(shanghai shinning globe science and education equipment co., ltd).instrument parameter settings were as follows: 1.5 t magnet;matrix =256 256;slice thickness =1 mm;te= 13 ms;tr= 100 ms;and number of acquisitions =s and discussion longitudinal relaxivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] in response to copper(ii)ion to investigate the inuence of cu2+ on the relaxivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna], the longitudinal relaxivity r1 for the [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] contrast agent was determined using t1 measurements in the absence or presence of cu2+ at 60 mhz and 25 c using a 0.2mmgd3+ solution of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] in 100 mm hepes buffer(ph 7.4)under simulated physiological condit concentrations of gd3+ were determined by relaxivity r1 was calculated from eqn(1).in the absence of cu2+, the relaxivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] was 6.40 mm1 s1, which was higher than that of [gd(dota)(h2o)](4.2 mm1 s1, 20 mhz, 25 c)and gd(do3a)(h2o)2(4.8 mm1 s1, 20 mhz, 40 c).64 upon addition of up to 1 cu2+, the relaxivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] increased to 11.28 mm1 s1(76% relaxivity enhancement).as shown in fig.1, the relaxivity gradually increased with the copper ion concentration, reaching a maximum value of approximately 1.2 equivalents of cu2+.due to the use of triuoroacetic acid in the synthesis of compound 4, triuoroacetic acid residues produced cf3coo in the [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] solution, allowing cf3coo to partially coordinate with cu2+ to form “chinese lantern” type structure complexes.65 when the amount of added copper ions was further increased to above 1.2 equiv., the relaxivity was maintained at the same observed difference in cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement demonstrated the ability of this contrast agent to sense cu2+ in vivo by means of designed contrast agent not only exhibited a higher relaxivity, but also displayed a cu2+-responsive relaxivity ivity studies the relaxivity response of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] exhibited excellent selectivity for cu2+ over a variety of other competing, biologically-relevant metal ions at physiological depicted in fig.2(white bars), the addition of alkali metal cations(10 mm na+, 2 mm k+)and alkaline earth metal cations(2 mm mg2+, 2 mm ca2+)did not generate an increase in relaxivity compared to the copper ion turn-on response;even the introduction of d-block metal cations(0.2 mm fe2+, 0.2 mm fe3+, 0.2 mm or 2 mm zn2+)did not trigger relaxivity noted that zn2+ is also known to replace gd3+ in transmetalation experiments;however, studies with analogous gd3+-do3a complexes demonstrated that this ligand is more kinetically inert to metal-ion exchange.66 to ensure the kinetic stability of the complex, we used ms to monitor [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] in the presence of 1 zn2+.no metal-ion exchange was observed at room temperature after 7 days(fig.s13?).relaxivity interference experiments for [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] in the presence of both cu2+(0.2 mm)and other biologically-relevant metal ions were also conducted;the results are shown as black bars in fig.2, indicating that these biologically-relevant metal ions(na+, k+, mg2+, ca2+, fe2+, fe3+, zn2+)had no interference on the cu2+-triggered relaxivity addition, we also tested the cu2+ response for [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] in the presence of physiologically-relevant concentrations of common biological anions to determine whether the cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement was affected by biological anions at physiological previously mentioned, cu2+ binding induced an enhancement in relaxivity from 6.40 mm1 s1 to 11.28 mm1 s1(a 76% increase).as shown in fig.3, in the presence of citrate(0.13 mm), lactate(0.9 mm), h2po4(0.9 mm), or hco3(10 mm), the cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement was approximately 61%(from 6.01 mm1 s1 to 9.66mm1 s1), 66%(from 6.13mm1 s1 to 10.16 mm1 s1), 20%(from 5.88 mm1 s1 to 7.02 mm1 s1), or 55%(from 6.15 mm1 s1 to 9.55 mm1 s1), onally, 100 mm nacl had almost no effect(an approximately 75% increase), and a simulated extracellular anion solution(eas, contain 30 mm nahco3, 100 mm nacl, 0.9 mm kh2po4, 2.3 mm sodium lactate, and 0.13 mm sodium citrate, ph =7),67 resulted in a cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement of approximately 26%(from 6.02 mm1 s1 to 7.56 mm1 s1).generally, the results revealed that lactate, citrate, and hco3 had slight impacts on the cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement, while h2po4 and eas influenced the enhancement to a greater shown in scheme 2, [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] possessed two water molecules after the addition of 1 cu2+.according to the work of dickins and coworkers, in lanthanide complexes with two water molecules, the waters can be partially displaced by phosphate, carbonate, acetate, carboxylate, lactate and citrate at different levels.68–70 the influence of these anions on the cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement may be attributed to the partial replacement of coordinated water molecules by these an relatively high concentration of phosphate could likely replace coordinated water molecules to reduce the increased number of water molecules surrounding the paramagnetic gd3+ centre induced by cu2+.as shown in table 1, we measured the number of water molecules in the rst coordination sphere of tb3+ in the presence of phosphate;the number of coordinated water molecules(q)decreased from 1.5 to nation features luminescence lifetime experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of the cu2+-triggered relaxivity scence lifetime measurements of lanthanide complexes have been widely used to quantify the number of inner-sphere water molecules.71 in particular, tb3+ and eu3+ have commonly been applied for lifetime measurements because their emission spectra are in the visible region when their 4f electrons are relaxed from higher energy levels to the lowest energy multiplets.72,73 therefore, the tb3+ analogue of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna], [tb2(do3a)2bmpna], was prepared according to a similar method, and the luminescence lifetimes of the tb3+ analogue in hepes-buffered h2o and d2o in the absence and presence of cu2+ were shown in fig.s9,? the luminescence decay curve of [tb2(do3a)2bmpna] was tted to obtain the luminescence lifetimes74(table 1), and the number of coordinated water molecules(q)was calculated by eqn(2).the analysis results(table 1)for [tb2(do3a)2bmpna] in hepes-bufferedh2oandd2o in the absence and presence of cu2+ indicated that q increased from 0.6 to 1.5 upon the addition of 1 cu2+;this result indicated that the cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement for [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] was most likely due to the increased number of coordinated water molecules around the gd3+ ion upon cu2+ binding to the pyrazole centre(scheme 2).aer the addition of cu2+, cu2+ removed the pyrazole centre n atom from the paramagnetic gd3+ ion to generate an open coordination site available for a water scence emission titrations of [tb2(do3a)2bmpna] towards cu2+ were also performed to investigate the binding properties of the contrast agent towards cu2+.upon addition of 1 2+, the luminescence of [tb2(do3a)2bmpna] at 545 nm decreased gradually and reached a minimum due to the quenching nature of the paramagnetic cu2+(fig.s10?).the titration data indicated a 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry(scheme 2)copper-responsive t1-weighted phantom mri in vitro to demonstrate the potential feasibility of this cu2+-responsive [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] for copper-imaging applications, t1-weighted phantom images of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] were acquired in the absence and presence of copper phantom images depicted in fig.4 displayed distinct increases in image intensity in the presence of 1 2+ compared with those without cu2+(fig.4d).moreover, some of the other competing metal ions were also tested to further verify the selectivity of [gd2(do3a)2bmpna] towards cu2+.discernible differences were not observed upon the addition of mg2+(fig.4c), zn2+(fig.4e), or ca2+(fig.4f).in addition, we also tested the clinical contrast agent magnevist(fig.4g);the image intensity was a bit darker than that of our contrast sions
in conclusion, we designed and synthesized a novel bismacrocyclic do3a-type cu2+-responsive mri contrast agent, [gd2(do3a)2bmpna].the new cu2+-responsive mri contrast agent comprised two gd-do3a cores connected by a 2,6-bis(3-methyl-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinic acid scaffold(bmpna)that functioned as a cu2+ receptor switch to induce a distinct relaxivity enhancement in response to cu2+;the relaxivity was increased up to 76%.importantly, the complex exhibited high selectivity for cu2+ over a range of other biologically-relevant metal ions at physiological scence lifetime experiment results showed that the number of inner-sphere water molecules(q)increased from 0.6 to 1.5 upon the addition of 1 2+.when cu2+ was coordinated in the central part of the complex, the donor n atom of the pyrazole centre was removed from the paramagnetic gd3+ ion and replaced by a water molecule(scheme 2).consequently, the cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement could be ascribed to the increase in the number of inner-sphere water designed contrast agent had a longitudinal relaxivity of 6.40 mm1 s1, which was higher than that of [gd(dota)(h2o)](4.2 mm1 s1, 20 mhz, 25 c)and gd(do3a)(h2o)2(4.8 mm1 s1, 20 mhz, 40 c).in addition, the visual change associated with the signicantly enhanced relaxivity from the addition of cu2+ was observed in t1-weighted phantom ledgements we are grateful to the state key laboratory of electroanalytical chemistry for nancial and references 1 and , ., 2002, 6, 171.2 , and , , ., 2009, 146, 1793.3 ff and a, iol., 1998, 28, 403.4 ski, a-klos, , li, in and in, coord.., 2009, 253, 2665.5 m, s and , discovery, 2004, 3, 205.6 er, kas and , ., 1999, 6, 221.7 ine and , .u.s.a., 2003, 100, 3617.8 , and and, ci., 2004, 27, 723.9 user, ., 2004, 37, 79.10 and ski, dalton trans., 2004, 1907.11 k, ., 1994, 27, 302.12 , ta, ti and roni, coord.., 2000, 205, 59.13 , , , and , ., 2008, 37, 1465.14 di, shan and t, nanoscale, 2011, 3, 3007.15 , magnetic resonance imaging, blackwell science, berlin, 4th edn, 2001, p.149.16 h and ′e.t′oth, the chemistry of contrast agents in medical magnetic resonance imaging, john wiley & sons, ltd., new york, 2001.17 , o, li and , ., 2010, 110, 3019.18 , and o, ., 1998, 27, 19.19 , er and , ., 2006, 35, 500.20 r, ., 1987, 87, 901.21 wski, and , ., 2005, 57, 42.22 n, ., 1955, 99, 559.23 ergen, ., 1957, 27, 572.24 ergen and , ., 1961, 34, 842.25 and , ., 2010, 39, 51.26 and ′e.t′oth, future ., 2010, 2, 367.27 , ta, ti and roni, coord.., 2000, 205, 59.28 , , , zana, ano and , ., 1999, 1577.29 , , , , er, and sousa, new ., 1998, 22, 627.30 and , ., 2000, 707.31 , , , and sousa, ., 1997, 119, 4767.32 , , and o, ., 2006, 128, 11326.33 , , , , , lano, io and rin, ., 2001, 123, 7601.34 d, d, and ess, .soc., perkin trans.2, 2001, 929.35 ′e.t′oth, r, , ′alez, , h, aman and , ., 2004, 127, 799.36 , and , ., 1999, 121, 1413.37 a, , ein, vski and etis, ., 2008, 3444.38 , to, io, u and , analyst, 2007, 132, 1153.39 le′on-rodr′?guez, , j.a.l′opez, -de-riquer, do-monz′on and , medchemcomm, 2012, 3, 480.40 ski, , and , ., ., 2005, 44, 6920.41 , , and , dalton trans., 2012, 41, 9405.42 a, i, and , .soc., perkin trans.2, 2001, 1840.43 , and h, ., 2004, 842.44 ello, and , ., 2007, 4044.45 s, o, g and , dalton trans., 2010, 3407.46 and , ., 2011, 47, 4998.47 , and , ., ., 1997, 36, 726.48 , , , cher, , , and , hnol., 2000, 18, 321.49 and , ., 2006, 128, 14032.50 , , , , ov, and wski, ., 2006, 128, 13274.51 and , ., 2006, 128, 15942.52 , io, , , and , ., 2009, 131, 8527.53 , io, , and , dalton trans., 2010, 39, 469.54 , and , dalton trans., 2011, 484.55 , and , ., 2012, 3, 1829.56 s, o, g and , dalton trans., 2010, 3407.57 , , , , , and , dalton trans., 2011, 5018.58 , , , , and , biomaterials, 2011, 32, 1167.59 , , and ′?guez-ubis, ., 2002, 1, 613.60 , , , , and , ctron., 2010, 26, 1043.61 mi, , and i, ., 2008, 130, 14376.62 ks and k, ., 1981, 14, 384.63 , ini, ni, i, li, a and lletti, ., 2005, 44, 529.64 n, n, y and , ., 1999, 99, 2293.65 ov, , , , on and s, ., 2000, 39, 1735.66 e, , , and , g, 1991, 9, 409.67 , coord.., 2000, 205, 109.68 s, ugsson, and k, ., 1998, 1643.69 , s, ock, ugsson, ki, , , k, , and , ., 2000, 122, 9674.70 s, , ov, , , , , , , k and ann, ., 2002, 124, 12697–12705.71 ks and k, ., 1981, 14, 384.72 and y, ., 1982, 54, 610.73 ans, ., 2009, 109, 4283.74 , ini, ni, i, li, a and lletti, ., 2005, 44, journal is ? the royal society of chemistry 2014 rsc adv., 2014, 4, 34421–34427 | 34427
英語專業(yè)論文翻譯軟件篇四
論譯學(xué)觀念 現(xiàn)代化
on the modernization of the concept of translation studies 摘要:本文認(rèn)為,人類翻譯經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段,即口語翻譯階段、文字翻譯階段和文化翻譯階段,目前我們已經(jīng)處于文化翻譯階段。鑒于翻譯所處的文化語境已經(jīng)變化,所以我們有必要進(jìn)行譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化,調(diào)整、豐富和充實(shí)我們對(duì)翻譯和翻譯研究的認(rèn)識(shí),推進(jìn)翻譯學(xué)學(xué)科的建設(shè)。
關(guān)鍵詞:翻譯研究 譯學(xué)理論 觀念現(xiàn)代化
abstract: the present paper aims to propose there are three periods in the translation history of the world, i.e., the period of oral communication(close to interpreting), the period of written translation and the period of cultural we are in the third period when the cultural context of the translation and the translation studies have taken great ’s time to modernize and adjust our concepts about the translation and the translation studies and bring new dimensions to them in order to put forward the construction of the translation studies as a relatively independent words: translation studies, translation theories, modernization of the concept
自從上世紀(jì)八十年代有學(xué)者提出建立翻譯學(xué)以來,國內(nèi)翻譯界圍繞著翻譯學(xué)的問題,圍繞著翻譯理論有用無用的問題,就一直爭論不已。爭論的雙方各執(zhí)其詞,一方呼吁建立翻譯學(xué),認(rèn)為翻譯學(xué)是一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科,另一方則譏笑翻譯不可能有“學(xué)”,建立翻譯學(xué)的努力是一個(gè)未園而且也難園的夢(mèng)。雙方誰也沒有說服誰,至今聚訟不已,各執(zhí)其端,有時(shí)的反應(yīng)甚至還相當(dāng)激烈。
反對(duì)者中有人說:“譯家不可能因?yàn)檎莆樟爽F(xiàn)有的任何一套翻譯理論或遵循了以上任何一套翻譯原則,其翻譯水準(zhǔn)就會(huì)有某種質(zhì)的飛躍。??如今我國譯林之中的后起之秀,可謂人才濟(jì)濟(jì),無論他們用什么翻譯理論武裝自己,無論他們對(duì)翻譯的過程、層次有多透徹的認(rèn)識(shí),無論他們對(duì)翻譯美學(xué)原理如何精通,無論他們能把讀者分成多少個(gè)層次從而使其翻譯更加有的放矢,也無論他們能用理論界最近發(fā)明的三種機(jī)制、四種轉(zhuǎn)換模式把翻譯中的原文信息傳遞得如何有效,他們的譯作會(huì)比傅雷的高明多少呢?霍克思(david hawks)與閔福德(john minford),雖然是西方人士(后者還曾是筆者所在學(xué)系的翻譯講座教授),從來就不信什么等值、等效論,他們憑著深厚的語言功底和堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的毅力,也‘批閱十載’,完成了《紅樓夢(mèng)》的翻譯。在眾多的英文版《紅樓夢(mèng)》中,他們的譯作出類拔萃,在英美文學(xué)翻譯界堪稱一絕?;艨怂荚谒麑懙姆g后記一書中也沒有提到任何時(shí)髦的翻譯理論,但東西方翻譯界和翻譯理論界仍然為其譯作而折服。由此可見,翻譯理論與譯作的質(zhì)量并沒有必然的關(guān)系。”還有一位自稱“在20世紀(jì)出版了50多部中英法互譯作品的譯者”也聲稱:“從實(shí)踐上講,西方的‘純理論’對(duì)我完全無用?!眎i
i 這些話聽上去振振有詞,甚至咄咄逼人,其實(shí)明顯失之偏頗,而且不經(jīng)一駁。因?yàn)檫@些話的前提是:翻譯的純理論應(yīng)該對(duì)譯作的質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé),翻譯的純理論應(yīng)該對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐“有用”。如此提出問題,已經(jīng)到了幼稚可笑的地步。這就像一個(gè)泥瓦匠和一個(gè)小木匠跑去對(duì)一位建筑學(xué)教授說,“你寫的《建筑學(xué)》對(duì)我們?cè)旆孔雍翢o用處?!备猩跽?,他們倆還硬牽著那位建筑學(xué)教授到工地上去,泥瓦匠對(duì)教授說:“你寫了那么多的建筑學(xué)論文,你現(xiàn)在倒砌一垛墻給我們看看,有沒有我砌的墻結(jié)實(shí)?!毙∧窘硨?duì)教授說:“你研究了那么多年的建筑學(xué)理論,我讓你刨一塊木板,看你能不能像我一樣刨得既平整又光滑?!笨矗@個(gè)泥瓦匠和那個(gè)小木匠對(duì)建筑學(xué)理論的否定,與上述兩位作者對(duì)翻譯理論(純理論)的質(zhì)疑和否定,真可謂異曲同工,何其相似乃爾。
然而,類似的認(rèn)識(shí)和觀點(diǎn)(甚至行為)在我國翻譯界卻有相當(dāng)?shù)氖袌觥0鸭兝碚撗芯颗c具體的實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)相混淆,把翻譯理論與譯作的質(zhì)量牽強(qiáng)聯(lián)系,這正是我們某些翻譯家、甚至某些翻譯教師、翻譯研究者在譯學(xué)理論認(rèn)識(shí)上的一個(gè)誤區(qū)。這種情況也從一個(gè)方面表明,在我國翻譯界嚴(yán)格意義上的譯學(xué)意識(shí)還沒有真正確立,我們的翻譯研究、尤其是譯學(xué)研究還不夠成熟。
我們不妨把翻譯界的情況與其他學(xué)科的情況作一個(gè)比較。試想:在文學(xué)藝術(shù)界會(huì)不會(huì)有哪位作家對(duì)著文藝學(xué)家宣稱“你的文學(xué)理論對(duì)我的創(chuàng)作完全無用”?會(huì)不會(huì)有哪位歌唱家去質(zhì)問音樂理論家:“為什么讀完了你的《音樂原理》,我的演唱技巧仍然毫無長進(jìn)?”當(dāng)然,我們更難設(shè)想會(huì)有人質(zhì)疑陳景潤對(duì)哥德巴赫猜想的研究對(duì)我們計(jì)算國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的總值有什么幫助,質(zhì)疑科學(xué)史學(xué)者研究幾億萬年前的宇宙大爆炸對(duì)改善我們今天的空氣質(zhì)量有什么實(shí)用價(jià)值,等等,等等。類似的例子我們還可以舉出許多許多。譬如,對(duì)巴爾扎克、托爾斯泰的作品,我們的文藝?yán)碚摷覀兇蠖嗍潜硎尽罢鄯钡?,但是難道會(huì)有人跑出來宣稱文藝?yán)碚搶?duì)作家的創(chuàng)作質(zhì)量“沒有必然的關(guān)系”?
然而,這種在其他學(xué)科都不大可能發(fā)生的對(duì)理論研究的懷疑和否定,卻不斷地在我們的翻譯界發(fā)生。這是不是說明我們的翻譯學(xué)學(xué)科、甚至我們的翻譯研究至今還不夠成熟呢?而之所以存在這樣的情況,其中一個(gè)很重要的原因,就是我們翻譯界的譯學(xué)觀念還沒有及時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)變。如果仔細(xì)考察一下我們討論的翻譯,我們討論的翻譯研究,我們應(yīng)該能夠發(fā)現(xiàn),翻譯所處的文化語境已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯的內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯研究的內(nèi)容也已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,然而我們的譯學(xué)觀念卻沒有變化,我們的翻譯研究者隊(duì)伍沒有發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化,我們不少人的譯學(xué)觀仍然停留在幾十年前、甚至幾百年以前。而要改變目前這種狀況,盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)我國翻譯界譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向是目前我們譯學(xué)界的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化的問題大致可以從以下三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行討論。
一.翻譯研究的最新進(jìn)展與譯學(xué)觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變
在討論翻譯研究的最新進(jìn)展時(shí),我們認(rèn)為必須把這個(gè)“最新進(jìn)展”放到整個(gè)中外翻譯研究發(fā)展史的大背景中去看,而且,有可能的話,還要盡可能地聯(lián)系我們國家自己的翻譯研究現(xiàn)狀,這樣才有可能比較容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)中外翻譯研究中的“最新進(jìn)展”,也比較容易發(fā)現(xiàn)我們國家翻譯研究中所存在的問題。
這樣,如果我們從整個(gè)中西翻譯研究發(fā)展史的大背景上去看的話,那么我們應(yīng)該可以發(fā)現(xiàn),一直到20世紀(jì)上半葉,也就是在上世紀(jì)五十年代以前,中西翻譯研究的差別并不是很大:因?yàn)橹形鞣g界基本上都停留在傳統(tǒng)的譯學(xué)研究范疇之內(nèi),也即主要關(guān)心的是翻譯的方法(如直譯、意譯等問題)、翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(如嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信達(dá)雅”,泰特勒的翻譯三原則等)、翻譯的可能性(可譯性與不可譯性等)等問題。但是進(jìn)入上世紀(jì)五、六十年代以后,西方翻譯研究中出現(xiàn)了三個(gè)大的突破和兩個(gè)劃時(shí)代的轉(zhuǎn)向,這使得西方翻譯研究與此前的研究相比,發(fā)生了重大的實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化。
所謂的“三大突破”,首先指的是自上世紀(jì)五十年代以來的西方翻譯研究開始從一般層面上的對(duì)兩種語言轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧性研究,也即從“怎么譯”的問題,深入到了對(duì)翻譯行為本身的深層探究,提出了翻譯中的等值問題,等效問題,等等。當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究中的語言學(xué)派學(xué)者是這方面的代表,如卡特福特,紐馬克,尤金·奈達(dá),以及雅可布遜等。對(duì)這方面的研究進(jìn)展,我們國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界比較熟悉,這里就不贅言了。
其次,也即第二個(gè)突破,指的是當(dāng)代西方的翻譯研究不再局限于對(duì)翻譯文本本身的研究,而是還把目光投射到了譯作的發(fā)起者(即組織或提議翻譯某部作品的個(gè)人或群體)、翻譯文本的操作者(譯者)和接受者(此處的接受者不光指的是譯文的讀者,還有整個(gè)譯語文化的接受環(huán)境)身上。它借鑒了接受美學(xué)、讀者反應(yīng)等理論,跳出了對(duì)譯文與原文之間一般字面上的忠實(shí)與否之類問題的考察,而注意到了譯作在新的文化語境里的傳播與接受,注意到了翻譯作為一種跨文化傳遞行為的最終目的和效果,還注意到了譯者在這整個(gè)翻譯過程中所起的作用,等等。自上世紀(jì)七十年代起,以詹姆斯·霍爾姆斯(james s holmes)、埃文-佐哈(itamar even-zohar)、吉迪恩·圖里(gideon toury)、利菲弗爾(andré lefevere)、蘇珊·巴斯奈特(susan bassnett)、朗貝爾(josé lambert)、以及梵·登·勃魯克( den broeck)等為代表一些學(xué)者,他們的研究就屬于這種性質(zhì)。他們竭力打破文學(xué)翻譯研究中業(yè)已存在的禁錮,探索建立文學(xué)翻譯研究的新模式。他們都把翻譯研究的重點(diǎn)放在翻譯的結(jié)果、功能和體系上,他們都對(duì)制約和決定翻譯成果和翻譯接受的因素、對(duì)翻譯與各種譯本類型之間的關(guān)系、翻譯在特定民族或國別文學(xué)內(nèi)的地位和作用、以及翻譯對(duì)民族文學(xué)間的相互影響所起的作用感到興趣。這無疑是翻譯研究的一大深化和進(jìn)展,也是當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究中的第二個(gè)大的突破。
最后,當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究中一個(gè)最大的、也即第三個(gè)大的突破,還表現(xiàn)在把翻譯放到一個(gè)宏大的跨文化和跨學(xué)科的語境中去審視。研究者開始關(guān)注翻譯研究中語言學(xué)科以外的其他學(xué)科的因素。他們一方面認(rèn)識(shí)到翻譯研究作為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的性質(zhì),另一方面又看到了翻譯研究這門學(xué)科的多學(xué)科性質(zhì),注意到它不僅與語言學(xué)、而且還與文藝學(xué)、比較文學(xué)、哲學(xué)甚至社會(huì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)等學(xué)科都有密不可分的關(guān)系。但是翻譯研究最終關(guān)注的當(dāng)然還是文本在跨文化交際和傳遞中所涉及的一系列文化問題,諸如翻譯在譯入語文化語境里的地位、作用,以及文化誤讀、信息增添、信息失落等。正如韋努蒂(lawrence venuti)提到的,“符號(hào)學(xué)、語境分析、和后結(jié)構(gòu)主義文本理論等表現(xiàn)出了重要的概念差異和方法論差異,但是它們?cè)陉P(guān)于‘翻譯是一種獨(dú)立的寫作形式,它迥異于外語文本和譯語文本’這一點(diǎn)上還是一致的。”
在這種情況下,翻譯不再被看作是一個(gè)簡單的兩種語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換行為,而是譯入語社會(huì)中的一種獨(dú)特的政治行為、文化行為、文學(xué)行為,而譯本則是譯者在譯入語社會(huì)中的諸多因素作用下的結(jié)果,在譯入語社會(huì)的政治生活、文化生活、乃至日常生活中扮演著有時(shí)是舉足輕重的角色。鑒于此,德國功能學(xué)派的另一學(xué)者賈斯塔·霍爾茲-曼塔利(justa holz-manttari)甚至不把翻譯簡單地稱作為“翻譯”(translation),而是用一個(gè)杜撰的、含義更為廣泛的新詞“迻譯行為”(translatorial action)代替它,以表示各種各樣的跨文化交際行為。這個(gè)詞還不光局限于翻譯、改編、編譯,它甚至把與外來文化有關(guān)的編輯、查閱等行為也包括在內(nèi)。在這種“行為”里,譯者變得像是一個(gè)根據(jù)委托人要求設(shè)計(jì)“產(chǎn)品規(guī)范”(product specification)的專家,并生產(chǎn)符合接受者文化圈特定需要的“信息傳遞物”(message transmitter),而譯作也不再尋求與原文的等值,而只是一份能滿足委托人需要的目的語文本。
西方翻譯研究中的三大突破,又可以歸納為兩個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)向,那就是上世紀(jì)五十年代開始的語言學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向和七十年代前后開始的文化轉(zhuǎn)向。語言學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向使得當(dāng)代西方的譯學(xué)研究對(duì)翻譯中的語言轉(zhuǎn)換觀察和分析更加具體細(xì)微;而文化轉(zhuǎn)向則借用各種當(dāng)代文化理論對(duì)翻譯進(jìn)行考察、剖析,進(jìn)行新的闡述,體現(xiàn)為從文化層面上對(duì)翻譯進(jìn)行整體性的思考,它更注重諸如共同的規(guī)則、讀者的期待、時(shí)代的語碼,注重翻譯與譯入語社會(huì)的政治、文化、意識(shí)形態(tài)等的關(guān)系,更關(guān)注翻譯作為一種跨文化交際行為在譯入語社會(huì)中的巨大影響和作用。這方面的例子有埃文-佐哈爾的多元系統(tǒng)理論,有前幾年去世的安德魯·利菲弗爾提出的“折射理論”,也有最近幾年在國際譯學(xué)界相當(dāng)活躍的西奧·赫曼斯、蘇珊·巴斯奈特等人的著述,以及尼南賈納、斯皮瓦克等人的后殖民主義翻譯理論研究。
當(dāng)代西方學(xué)者謝莉·西蒙說:“80年代以來,翻譯研究中最激動(dòng)人心的一些進(jìn)展屬于被稱為‘文化轉(zhuǎn)向’的一部分。轉(zhuǎn)向文化意味著翻譯研究增添了一個(gè)重要的維度。不是去問那個(gè)一直困擾翻譯理論家的傳統(tǒng)問題――‘我們應(yīng)該怎樣去翻譯?什么是正確的翻譯?’――而是把重點(diǎn)放在了一種描述性的方法上:‘譯本在做什么?它們?cè)鯓釉谑郎狭魍ú⒁鸱错懀俊??這種轉(zhuǎn)向使我們理解到翻譯與其他交流方式之間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系,并視翻譯為寫作實(shí)踐,貫穿所有文化表現(xiàn)的種種張力盡在其中?!碑?dāng)前西方學(xué)界已有越來越多的學(xué)者開始從文化層面上審視、考察翻譯,翻譯研究正在演變?yōu)橐环N文化研究,翻譯研究的文化轉(zhuǎn)向和文化研究的翻譯轉(zhuǎn)向已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)代西方學(xué)術(shù)界的的一道最新景觀。然而對(duì)翻譯研究來說,這種文化轉(zhuǎn)向具有更為重要的意義。它不僅在一定程度上揭開了當(dāng)代翻
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iii譯研究的一個(gè)新的層面,而且還對(duì)主宰中外翻譯界幾千年的一些譯學(xué)觀念,諸如“忠于原文”的翻譯觀,譯作與原作的關(guān)系,譯者與原作者的關(guān)系,等等,產(chǎn)生了相當(dāng)大的沖擊,從而為國際譯學(xué)界、也為中國譯學(xué)界展示出相當(dāng)廣闊的研究前景。
二.翻譯的文化語境及其內(nèi)涵的變化
如本文一開始所述,目前,人類翻譯所處的文化語境已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯的內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯研究的內(nèi)容也已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,然而我們的譯學(xué)觀念卻沒有變化,我們的翻譯研究者隊(duì)伍沒有發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化,我們不少人的譯學(xué)觀念沒有變化,仍然停留在幾十年前、甚至幾百年前的狀態(tài)。然而,翻譯所處的文化語境以及翻譯的內(nèi)涵究竟發(fā)生了什么樣的變化呢?這里我們不妨對(duì)人類的翻譯史做一個(gè)簡單的回顧。
眾所周知,翻譯作為人類跨越語言界限的交往行為已經(jīng)具有一、二千年以上的歷史。在這一、二千年的時(shí)間里,翻譯這個(gè)行為的文化語境發(fā)生了巨大的、實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化。
回顧人類的翻譯史,粗粗劃分一下,我們大致可以看到這樣三個(gè)大的發(fā)展階段。
初期階段是一個(gè)口語交往階段,這是人類翻譯最早的階段。這里我們有意不用“口譯”而用“口語交往”,這是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)階段的“口語交往”與目前嚴(yán)格意義上的“口譯”尚有一定的差距。這一階段翻譯的內(nèi)容大多限于一般的交往和簡單的商貿(mào)活動(dòng),如何達(dá)到交往雙方基本信息的相互溝通是這一階段翻譯的主要目的。對(duì)這一階段翻譯的含義我們可以借用《周禮·秋官》和《說文》中對(duì)“譯”的解釋:前者稱翻譯為“換易言語使相解也”,后者則簡單明了地說翻譯就是“傳四夷之言”。當(dāng)然,從我們今天的角度看這兩則對(duì)翻譯的定義,我們把它們用諸書面翻譯也未嘗不可,但當(dāng)初如此解釋翻譯,其原始用意恐怕是偏向口語翻譯的。
中期階段我們也許可以稱之為文字翻譯階段,也即人類進(jìn)入文字翻譯以來的階段,借用施萊爾馬赫的話來說,也就是“真正的翻譯”的階段。這個(gè)階段有相當(dāng)長的歷史跨度,其翻譯內(nèi)容以早期的宗教典籍和以后的文學(xué)名著、經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)(除宗教文獻(xiàn)外的哲學(xué)、社會(huì)科學(xué)著作等)為主。我們一些最基本的翻譯觀,諸如圍繞翻譯“可譯”與“不可譯”的性質(zhì)之爭、“直譯”與“意譯”的方法之爭,以及翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如泰特勒的翻譯三原則、嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信達(dá)雅”,等等,都是在這一階段形成的。
由于這一階段所翻譯的對(duì)象主要是宗教典籍、文學(xué)名著、經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn),譯者、甚至讀者對(duì)這些原著都是取仰視態(tài)度,所以我們也就不難理解為何在這一階段,“忠實(shí)于原文的內(nèi)容”成為翻譯家們最核心的翻譯觀――宗教典籍、文學(xué)名著、經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)這些著作都是翻譯者以及譯作的讀者頂禮膜拜的對(duì)象,翻譯時(shí)譯者當(dāng)然要小心翼翼,字斟句酌,否則一不小心歪曲了原文,招致批評(píng)不說,甚至因此獲罪都有可能。與此同時(shí),隨著文學(xué)翻譯數(shù)量的急劇上升,文本形式的傳遞也開始引起重視,這樣,我們對(duì)翻譯的認(rèn)識(shí)又向前推進(jìn)了一步:翻譯不僅要傳遞原作的內(nèi)容,還要傳達(dá)出原作的形式意義。但是這一階段的譯學(xué)觀基本上還是建立在兩種語言的轉(zhuǎn)換的基礎(chǔ)上,基本上還是局限在原文與譯文的文本之內(nèi)。
第三階段,也許我們可以稱之為文化翻譯階段,因?yàn)檫@一階段的翻譯已成為民族間全方位的文化交流,成為極重要的一項(xiàng)人類文化交際行為,翻譯的視野大大拓寬。第三階段的開始大致可以追溯至上世紀(jì)五十年代末、六十年代初,當(dāng)時(shí)雅各布遜提出了翻譯的三種類型、也即語內(nèi)翻譯、語際翻譯和符際翻譯時(shí),這種翻譯的定義顯然已經(jīng)背離了傳統(tǒng)的譯學(xué)觀念,它越出了單純語言的界限,使得翻譯的定義不再僅僅是“語言文字的轉(zhuǎn)換”,而是進(jìn)入了寬泛意義上的信息轉(zhuǎn)換和傳遞。至于之后的德國功能學(xué)派翻譯學(xué)學(xué)者漢斯·威爾梅(hans vermeer)的翻譯行為理論(action theory of translation)竭力強(qiáng)調(diào)譯者的目標(biāo)(skopos)在翻譯過程中的決定性作用,英國的斯坦納提出“理解也是翻譯”、當(dāng)代美國女性主義批評(píng)家斯皮瓦克提出“閱讀即翻譯”等概念,更是大大拓展了翻譯的含義,使得翻譯成了幾乎滲透人類所有活動(dòng)的一個(gè)行為,從人際交往到人類自身的思想、意識(shí)、政治、社會(huì)活動(dòng),等等;當(dāng)代西方文化理論,則進(jìn)一步把翻譯與政治、意識(shí)形態(tài)等聯(lián)系起來,翻譯的內(nèi)涵更是空前擴(kuò)大。如后殖民主義翻譯理論家尼南賈納聲稱:“我對(duì)翻譯的研究,完全不是要去解決什么譯者的困境,不是要在理論上再給翻譯另立一說,以便能夠找到一個(gè)‘縮小’不同文化間之‘隔閡’的更加保險(xiǎn)可靠的‘辦法’。相反,它是要對(duì)這道隔閡、這種差異作徹底的思索,要探討如何把對(duì)翻譯的執(zhí)迷(obsession)和欲望加以定位,以此來描述翻譯符號(hào)流通其間的組織體系。關(guān)于翻譯的論述是多種多樣的,但它們卻都沒有或缺乏或壓制了對(duì)歷史性和不對(duì)稱的意識(shí)。就這一狀況進(jìn)行考察,便是我的關(guān)懷所在?!?/p>
不無必要強(qiáng)調(diào)說明一下的是,這里所謂的第三階段、也即文化翻譯階段的出現(xiàn),并不意味著第二階段、也即文字翻譯階段的結(jié)束。這兩個(gè)階段在相當(dāng)長一個(gè)時(shí)期里將會(huì)是相互交融、并存并進(jìn)的,而相關(guān)的譯學(xué)觀也將是并存互補(bǔ)。所以我們應(yīng)該看到,翻譯研究中的文化轉(zhuǎn)向給傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)觀帶來的是沖擊,而不是顛覆,文化翻譯階段出現(xiàn)的新的譯學(xué)觀是豐富、深化原有的譯學(xué)觀,而不是取代、更不是推翻傳統(tǒng)的譯學(xué)觀。
然而,不少事實(shí)表明,在翻譯的文化語境和翻譯的內(nèi)涵都已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化的今天,我們相當(dāng)一部分翻譯研究者和翻譯教學(xué)者的譯學(xué)觀念還沒有來得及發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化,基本上還是停留在文字翻譯階段。有人曾直率地指出:“有關(guān)語言與翻譯的政治,是我們大陸學(xué)人思考中的一個(gè)盲點(diǎn)?!睋Q句話說,有關(guān)語言與翻譯的政治問題,我們國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界至今還沒有人把它當(dāng)作一個(gè)翻譯研究中的學(xué)術(shù)問題認(rèn)真地思考過。其實(shí),冷靜思考一下的話,我們當(dāng)能發(fā)現(xiàn),我們譯學(xué)研究中的“盲點(diǎn)”恐怕還不止“翻譯的政治”這一個(gè)問題吧。這恐怕也就是為什么至今在國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界對(duì)于翻譯學(xué)、翻譯理論等問題仍然爭論不休的一個(gè)原因。從這個(gè)意義上而言,我國的譯學(xué)理論建設(shè)與翻譯學(xué)科建設(shè)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到了一個(gè)瓶頸口了。
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vi如果再不迅速實(shí)現(xiàn)譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向,這種一定程度上譯學(xué)觀念的滯后,勢(shì)必會(huì)阻滯中國譯學(xué)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,從而對(duì)我們整個(gè)翻譯事業(yè)帶來不利的影響。
三.譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化與翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科建設(shè)
譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化直接關(guān)系到翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科建設(shè)。但是在討論這個(gè)問題之前,有兩組概念必須予以區(qū)分,這就是翻譯研究與譯學(xué)研究的區(qū)別,以及翻譯事業(yè)與譯學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)之間的區(qū)別。之所以如此,是因?yàn)閲鴥?nèi)翻譯界在討論翻譯學(xué)或翻譯理論問題時(shí),經(jīng)常把這兩組概念相混。本來,只要稍微仔細(xì)地辨別一下,這兩組概念的差異是很容易辨清的:翻譯研究泛指一切與翻譯有關(guān)的研究,同樣,翻譯事業(yè)不僅包括翻譯實(shí)踐,還要包括翻譯研究(有具體翻譯的研究,也有理論研究),而后者,也即翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科建設(shè)則偏重于譯學(xué)作為一門獨(dú)立學(xué)科的發(fā)展問題,既有翻譯學(xué)科在學(xué)校里的課程設(shè)置、教學(xué)計(jì)劃,更有譯學(xué)理論等方面的探討。
但是國內(nèi)翻譯界總是有人在一提到要深入進(jìn)行譯學(xué)研究時(shí),就會(huì)搬出一些聯(lián)系具體翻譯實(shí)踐的“翻譯研究”,以此來否定純理論的譯學(xué)研究,還有人則強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯要得到全社會(huì)的重視,靠的是“走出象牙之塔,投身于改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的大潮”,靠的是“編印一系列有關(guān)‘入世’及為外商準(zhǔn)備的中外文對(duì)照的資訊材料”,這樣就會(huì)“受到全社會(huì)的歡迎”
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。他們抓住一點(diǎn),即在西方翻譯的稿酬也比較低,以此證明盡管在西方翻譯的理論研究取得很大的成就,但翻譯仍然沒有得到足夠的重視,等等。然而,他們卻沒有看到在西方普遍開設(shè)的獨(dú)立的翻譯系、翻譯學(xué)院、翻譯學(xué)碩士、博士學(xué)位點(diǎn),而在我國,盡管早在清末馬建忠就已經(jīng)提出設(shè)立翻譯書院的提議,但直至最近幾年才陸續(xù)有學(xué)校設(shè)立了單獨(dú)的翻譯系和翻譯學(xué)院。然而,至今仍然沒有獨(dú)立的翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)位點(diǎn)。
由此可見,討論譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化的問題并不是一個(gè)多余的問題。
那么如何實(shí)現(xiàn)譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化呢?或者說,譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面呢?
首先,要能夠正確處理翻譯理論與翻譯實(shí)踐之間的關(guān)系。不要一提翻譯理論就想到對(duì)我的翻譯有用還是無用,另外也不要把個(gè)別譯者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)體會(huì)誤認(rèn)、或者更嚴(yán)重的是冒充為理論。香港浸會(huì)大學(xué)張佩瑤教授于2002年在上海外國語大學(xué)舉行的翻譯研討會(huì)上通過追溯“theory”一詞的來源,指出“理論”意即“道理、法則、規(guī)范”,是系統(tǒng)的東西,科學(xué)的東西,是現(xiàn)代建構(gòu)出來的產(chǎn)物,因此,從某種意義上說,無論中西,早期的翻譯論述中其實(shí)是有“論”而無“理論”。她認(rèn)為,重經(jīng)驗(yàn)講實(shí)踐,不只是中國特色,中外皆然,不同點(diǎn)是西方自上個(gè)世紀(jì)70年代后大力發(fā)展純理論的東西,從多角度探討翻譯的本質(zhì),而中國的譯學(xué)研究很大程度上還沒有脫離傳統(tǒng)的巢臼,仍然強(qiáng)調(diào)以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ),很少探討翻譯的語言哲學(xué)問題,追問翻譯的本質(zhì),所以在中國譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)型過程中,應(yīng)該首先重估中國傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)理論的價(jià)值,然后再考慮如何引入西方新的譯學(xué)理論范式。
香港中文大學(xué)王宏志教授也有相似的意見。他分析了中國傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)中討論的ix主要內(nèi)容,認(rèn)為徒有理論之虛名而無其實(shí),只是經(jīng)驗(yàn)的堆砌而已。雖然這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)之談對(duì)翻譯實(shí)踐有一定的參考價(jià)值,但是它們不能看成是真正的譯學(xué)理論研究,因?yàn)檎嬲淖g學(xué)研究是有邏輯性的,是客觀的,科學(xué)的。翻譯研究不是價(jià)值判斷,不是用作指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐。鑒于中國至今尚無真正的譯學(xué)理論研究,王宏志認(rèn)為,當(dāng)務(wù)之急是建立嚴(yán)格意義上的翻譯學(xué)科,確立新的研究方向,實(shí)現(xiàn)從原文為中心向譯文為中心的研究范式的轉(zhuǎn)型。
其實(shí),對(duì)于翻譯理論有用無用的困惑,不光在我國翻譯界存在,在國外也同樣存在。2002年出版的一本《理論對(duì)翻譯家有用嗎?――象牙之塔與語詞表面之間的對(duì)話》討論的也是這個(gè)問題。該書的兩位作者andrew chesterman和 emma wagner指出,那種指令性的研究(prescriptive study),也就是要去規(guī)定翻譯家該怎么做、不該怎么做的研究,已經(jīng)過時(shí)了(old-fashioned),現(xiàn)在的研究者(顯然是指的純理論研究者),要做的是描述性的研究(descriptive study),他們的研究是“描述、解釋、理解翻譯家所做的事,而不是去規(guī)定翻譯家該怎么做。”
從這個(gè)意義上而言,相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)翻譯研究的實(shí)用主義觀念,翻譯的純理論研究也許可定義為“無用之用”。因?yàn)閺膫鹘y(tǒng)的實(shí)用觀念來看,翻譯的純理論研究是“無用”的,如同本文開首引用的兩位作者所說的那樣。但是從另一個(gè)角度看,純理論研究也有它的功用。以筆者本人的譯介學(xué)研究為例,它對(duì)具體的翻譯實(shí)踐雖然“無用”,但是它在在區(qū)分“翻譯文學(xué)史”和“文學(xué)翻譯史”的概念方面,在界定翻譯文學(xué)的概念方面、在確立翻譯文學(xué)在中國文學(xué)中的地位方面,又有傳統(tǒng)翻譯研究所無法替代的功用。
其次,譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化要求我們從事翻譯實(shí)踐和翻譯教學(xué)的人中間有一部分人應(yīng)該有成為專門翻譯理論家的追求。我們當(dāng)然不反對(duì)從事翻譯理論的專家學(xué)者們?cè)趶氖路g理論研究的同時(shí),在可能的情況下也從事一些翻譯實(shí)踐。但是,從目前我們國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界的實(shí)際情況來看,我們更迫切需要一批有獨(dú)立譯學(xué)理論意識(shí)的、能全身心獻(xiàn)身于中國譯學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)的人才隊(duì)伍。
關(guān)于這個(gè)問題,前幾年王東風(fēng)教授就已經(jīng)提出了“21世紀(jì)的譯學(xué)研究呼喚翻譯理論家”的觀點(diǎn)。他指出:“雖然從理論上講,實(shí)踐與理論之間的互動(dòng)始終存在,但從根本上講,實(shí)踐和理論是不能互相取代的。說白了就是,實(shí)踐家不是理所當(dāng)然的理論家,理論家也未必就是理所當(dāng)然的實(shí)踐家,實(shí)踐家可以成為理論家,但前提是他必須花費(fèi)與他的實(shí)踐幾乎相同的時(shí)間和精力去鉆研理論。反之亦然。”
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x當(dāng)代學(xué)科建設(shè)的特點(diǎn)之一就是分工越來越細(xì),研究隊(duì)伍開始分流,各有所重,這意味著每一門學(xué)科需要有一支專門的研究隊(duì)伍,我們?cè)僖膊豢赡芟駨那岸韲牧_蒙諾索夫那樣,一個(gè)人既是詩人,語言學(xué)家,語文學(xué)家,又是化學(xué)家,物理學(xué)家,等等,等等。
從相關(guān)學(xué)科的發(fā)展史看,這個(gè)問題也許可以看得更清楚。學(xué)科的建立固然離不開具體的實(shí)踐以及對(duì)實(shí)踐的研究,但更需要專門的理論工作者。文藝學(xué)學(xué)科的建立、比較文學(xué)學(xué)科的建立,主要不是靠的從事實(shí)際寫作和創(chuàng)作的詩人、小說家和劇作家,而是靠的文藝?yán)碚摷液捅容^文學(xué)家,其中的主力更是在高等學(xué)府從事研究生教學(xué)和相關(guān)學(xué)科的理論研究的學(xué)者?,F(xiàn)在,中國翻譯學(xué)學(xué)科的建設(shè)與發(fā)展的情況也一樣。
最后,譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化意味著要有開闊的學(xué)術(shù)視野,這是與上述學(xué)術(shù)隊(duì)伍的分流、分工,是相輔相成、互為補(bǔ)充的兩個(gè)方面。一門獨(dú)立的學(xué)科當(dāng)然需要專門的學(xué)科理論的支撐,但是由于現(xiàn)代學(xué)科、尤其是我們這門學(xué)科的研究對(duì)象――翻譯的特殊性(它幾乎與所有的學(xué)科都有關(guān)系),所以我們這門學(xué)科的理論,也即翻譯學(xué),也必然是開放性的,它必然、也必須借用各種當(dāng)代文化理論,以拓展它的研究視野,以展示它的方方面面。翻譯研究的界限不再像以前那么分明,學(xué)科之間的重疊、交叉、接壤的情形將越來越多,越來越普遍。這一點(diǎn)從當(dāng)代國外以及我們國內(nèi)的翻譯研究中已經(jīng)得到了證實(shí),這里無須贅言。
十六大以來,我國報(bào)刊媒體有一個(gè)詞的出現(xiàn)率相當(dāng)高,這就是“與時(shí)俱進(jìn)”?,F(xiàn)在我們是不是也應(yīng)該把這個(gè)詞(這已經(jīng)不是一個(gè)普通的詞,而是代表了一種觀念)用到我們的譯學(xué)界來,讓我們的譯學(xué)觀念也能與時(shí)俱進(jìn),實(shí)現(xiàn)譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向,以推進(jìn)我國譯學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)的健康發(fā)展呢?
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]謝天振.譯介學(xué)[m].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1999.[2]謝天振.翻譯研究新視野[m].青島:青島出版社,2003.[3]許寶強(qiáng)、袁偉(選編).語言與翻譯的政治[c].北京:中央編譯出版社,2001.[4]張柏然、許鈞(主編).面向21世紀(jì)的譯學(xué)研究[c].北京:商務(wù)印書館,2002.[5]anderman,gunilla and margaret rogers, ation today—trends and perspectives multilingual matters ltd, clevedon, 2003.[6]chesterman, andrew and emma theory help translators? a dialogue between the ivory tower and the wordface [m]. publishing, manchester,uk & northampton, ma, 2002.[7]niranjana, translation: history, post-structuralism, and the
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許淵沖《關(guān)于翻譯學(xué)的論戰(zhàn)》,《外語與外語教學(xué)》2001年第11期。iii lawrence venuti translation studies reader, routledge, 2000, 同上,參見p.216-7。v sherry simon, gender in translation, routledge, 1996,p.7 vi 尼南賈納《為翻譯定位》,載《語言與翻譯的政治》,中央編譯出版社,2001年,第122-123頁。vii 參見《語言與翻譯的政治》,中央編譯出版社,2001年,第1頁。viii 參見《中國翻譯》2002年第6期第35頁。ix 參見李小鈞《促進(jìn)譯學(xué)觀念轉(zhuǎn)變 推動(dòng)譯學(xué)建設(shè)――2002年上外中國譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化高層學(xué)術(shù)論壇綜述》,載《中國比較文學(xué)》2003年第1期。x 同上。xi andrew chesterman and emma wagner,can theory help translators?—a dialogue between the ivory tower and the wordface, publishing, manchester, uk & northanmpton, ma, 2002,
王東風(fēng)《中國譯學(xué)研究:世紀(jì)末的思考》,載張柏然、許鈞《面向21世紀(jì)的譯學(xué)研究》,商務(wù)印書館,2002年,第58頁。
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